The number of Chamorro speakers fell by 75% through the 20th century to about 58,000 in 2016. Younger people are less likely to know the language. The use of English has caused the language to become endangered. Various representatives from Guam have unsuccessfully lobbied the United States government to take action to promote the language.
A large number of Chamorro words have Spanish etymological roots (e.g. tenda "shop/store" from Spanish tienda), which may lead some to mistakenly conclude that the language is a Spanish Creole: However, Chamorro very much uses its loan words in a Austronesian way (e.g.: bumobola "play ball" from Spanish bola "ball, play ball" with infix -um- and reduplication of root). However, Chamorro can also be considered a mixed language (Hispano-Austronesian) or a language that resulted of a contact and creolization process in the Mariana Islands. Modern Chamorro has many elements of Spanish origin: articles, interjections, prepositions, numbers, days dates and time.
There are speakers of Chamorro throughout the Marianas archipelago. It is still common among Chamorro households in the Northern Marianas, but fluency has greatly decreased among Chamorros in Guam during the years of American rule in favor of American English. Chamorro is still widely spoken in the northern islands like Pagan, Saipan, Luta, and Tinian.
Pronunciation guide
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Chamorro has six distinct vowels. They are: å, a, i, e, u, and o. Note that å isn't usually distinguished in written Chamorro. Therefore you can't tell the difference between båba 'bad' and baba' 'open'.
- Å
- like English a in car (IPA /a/)
- A
- like English a in cat (IPA /æ/)
- I
- like English ee in meet or i in pit.
- E
- like English e in met or ee in meet or even i in pit.
- U
- like English oo in tool or u in put.
- O
- like English o in low or u in put.
All vowels are cardinal, like in Spanish, not like in English. The vowels I and E are similar because I sounds like 'ee' in meet when stressed, or 'i' in pit when unstressed. E sounds like 'e' in met when stressed, 'ee' in meet when unstressed or even 'i' in pit when unstressed. U and O are similar because U sounds like 'oo' in tool when stressed, or 'u' in put when unstressed. O can sound like 'o' in low when stressed, or 'u' in put when unstressed.
Consonants
[edit]Chamorro has B- as in boy Ch- as in cats D- as in de F- as in Feh G- as in Geh H- as in Heh (short e sound) K- as in Keh L- as in Leh M- as in Meh N- as in Neh N- like the 'n' in senora Ng O- as in "oh" P- as in "peh" R- as in reh S- as in seh T- as in teh U- as in oo in soon Y- as in tzeh
Common diphthongs
[edit]Phrase list
[edit]Basics
[edit]- Hello!.
- Håfa adai! (Hah-fuh-day)
- How are you?
- Håfa tatatmanu hao? (Hah-fuh-tah-taht-mah-noo-How?)
- Good
- Maolek (M-Ow-Lick) or Very Good : Todu maolek (toe do mau lek)
- What is your name?
- Hayi na'an-mu? (Ha-zi-nuh-un-moo?)
- My name is John.
- Guahu Si Juan.(Gwah-Hu-C-Wan.) or Si Juan Yu. (See-Wan-dzu.)
- Thank you.
- Si Yu'us ma'ase. (C-zu-oohs-Muh-ah-seat)
- You're welcome.
- Buen probechu. (Bwen-pro-bet-sue)
- Goodbye.
- Adiós. (Ah-Deh-Oss)
- Good morning.
- Buenas días. (Bwenas-Dee-as)
- Good evening.
- Buenas tatdes. (Bwenas-taht-des)
- Good night.
- Buenas noches. (Bwenas-no-tses)
- Good night (see you tomorrow)
- Esta agupa'. (eh-stah-ah-goo-pah)
Problems
[edit]Note that the letter Y is pronounced more like 'dz' as it is in some dialects of Castilian Spanish, and that Ch is usually pronounced like 'ts' rather than 'tsh'. Note also that A and Å are not always distinguished in written Chamorro, often being written simply as 'A'; nor are N and Ñ always distinguished. Thus the Guamanian place name spelled Yona is pronounced 'dzo-nya', not 'dzo-na' as might be expected.
Numbers
[edit]Modern Chamoru uses number words of Spanish origin: unu, dos, tres, kuatro, sinko, sais, siette, ocho, nuebi, dies, onse, dose, trese, katotse, kinse, disesisáis...; beinte (benti), trenta, kuarenta, sinkuenta...: sien, dos sientos, tres sientos... kinientos...; mit, dos mit, tres mit...
The Old Chamoru version used different number words based on categories: "Basic numbers" (for date, time, etc.), "living things", "inanimate things", and "long objects".
- 1
- uno
- 2
- dos
- 3
- tres
- 4
- kuattro
- 5
- singko
- 6
- sais (but pronounced "sayce"
- 7
- siette
- 8
- ocho
- 9
- nuebi
- 10
- dies
- 11
- onse
- 12
- dosse
- 13
- tresse
- 14
- katotse
- 15
- kinse
- 16
- diesisais
- 17
- diesisiette
- 18
- diesiocho
- 19
- diesinuebi
- 20
- bente
- 30
- trenta
- 40
- kuarenta
- 50
- singkuenta
- 60
- sisenta
- 70
- sitenta
- 80
- ochenta
- 90
- nubenta
- 100
- siento
- 500
- kinentos
- 1,000
- mit
- 1,000,000
- miyon
Time
[edit]Clock time
[edit]ora
Duration
[edit]Days
[edit]- Sunday
- damenggo
- Monday
- lunes
- Tuesday
- mattes
- Wednesday
- metkoles
- Thursday
- hubes
- Friday
- betnes
- Saturday
- sabalu
Months
[edit]Ineru- January Febreru- February Matsu- March Abrit- April Mayu- May Hunio- June Hulio- July Agostu- August Septembre- September Oktubre- October Nubembre- November Disembre- December
Writing time and date
[edit]Colors
[edit]agaga' - red
kulot kahet - orange
amariyu - yellow
betde - green
asut - blue
lila - purple
kulot di rosa - pink
kulot chukulati - brown
apaka - white
attelong - black
Transportation
[edit]Bus and train
[edit]Car-Automobit
Directions
[edit]Lagu - North
Hayan - South
Luchan - West
Kattan - East
Taxi
[edit]Lodging
[edit]Money
[edit]Salape - Money
Peso(s) - Dollar(s)
Cento(s) - Cent(s)
Eating
[edit]MEATS
- guihan - fish
- uhang - shrimp
- pånglao - crab
- ayuyu (pronounced ah-zoo-zoo) - coconut crab
- asuli - eel
- påhgang - clam
- tapon - baby clam
- do'gas - sea shell
- mahongang - lobster
- konehu - rabbit
- chåda' - egg
- påbu - turkey
- kåtne - beef
- månnok - chicken
- katnen babui - pork
- fritådan babui - pork chitterling
- fritådan guaka - beef chitterling
- fritådan månnok - chicken chitterling
- chachalon - pork rind
STARCHES
- kamuti - sweet potatoes
- mendeoka - tapioca
- suni - taro
- lemmai - breadfruit
- nika - sweet yam
- batåtas - potatoes
- hineksa' - rice (cooked)
- pån - bread
- titiyas mai'es - corn tortilla
- titiyas arina - four tortilla
- pugas - uncooked rice
OTHER INGREDIENTS
- donne' - chile pepper
- donne' pika - hot pepper
- pimenta - black pepper
- mantika - lard
- friholes/*abichuelas - beans
- asiga - salt
- asukat - sugar
- mantekiya - butter
- konsetba/*yam - jam, jelly
- miet - honey
- mantekiyan kakaguates - peanut butter
- kesu - cheese
FRUITS
- laguana - soursop
- åtes - sweetsop or sugar apple
- chandia - watermelon
- melon - melon
- bilembines - star apple
- lalanghita - tangerine
- kåhet - orange
- aga' - banana
- ubas - grapes
- papåya - papaya
- åbas - guava
- mångga - mango
- chotda - green bananas
- ibba' - star gooseberry
- anonas - custard apple
- piña - pineapple
- granåda - pomegranate
- kikamas - sweet turnip
- makupa - mountain apple
- tupu - sugar cane
- alageta - avocado
- mansåna - apple
- månha - young coconut
- niyok - coconut
- kåhet må'gas - grapefruit
VEGETABLES
- tumåtes - tomato
- nappa' - Chinese cabbage
- ilotes - corn on the cob
- mai'es - corn
- puntan kalamasa - pumpkin tips
- kundot - squash
- friholes - beans
- siboyas - onion
- birinhenas - eggplant
BEVERAGES
- hånom - water
- leche - milk
- kafe - coffee
- binu - wine
SNACKS & DESSERTS
- chukulåti - chocolate
- kande - candy
- krakas - crackers
- inafliton batåtas - potato chips
- kakaguates - peanuts
- empanåda - spiced corn turnover
- kek chamorro - Chamorro cake
- brohas - sponge cake
- apigige' - grilled young coconut w/starch
- kalamai - corn pudding
- påstet - baked turnover
- buchibuchi - fried turnover
- buñelos aga' - banana doughnut
- buñelos dagu - Yam doughnut
Bars
[edit]Shopping
[edit]Driving
[edit]Paseo - Stroll, cruise