Philippi is an archaeological site in Macedonian Greece. It belongs since 2016 to UNESCO World Heritage List.
Understand
[edit]History
[edit]The archaeological site of Philippi is the most important in East Macedonia, with characteristic monuments of the Hellenistic, Roman and early Christian periods. Its story began in 360/359 BC, as colonists from the island of Thasos founded the city under the name Krenides.
In 356 BC, the inhabitants requested protection and support from King Philip II of Macedonia, as the city was threatened by the Thracians. Philip had already foreseen the economic and strategic potential of the city, so he conquered and fortified it and renamed it Philippi, after himself.
After the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, the city became a Roman colony. The bustling Hellenistic city of Philip II, whose walls, gates, theatre and some tombs are still visible, has been complemented by Roman public buildings such as the Forum and a monumental terrace with temples in the north. Its location on Via Egnatia, the ancient road linking Europe and Asia, furthered its development. Of particular importance in the history of Philippi was the year 49 or 50, when Apostle Paul visited the city and built the first Christian church in Europe and also performed the first Christian baptism. This made Philippi the first Christian community in Europe and a germ cell for the further development of Christianity in Europe. The remains of his basilicas provide an extraordinary testimony to the early establishment of Christianity. Therefore, there is also a lot of religious tourism here.
The decline began with the plague (547 AD) and an earthquake (AD 619), which almost completely destroyed the city and it never returned to its former importance. Around 850 AD, the Byzantine empire fought several wars with the Bulgarians for the city, which became Byzantine for itself finally, and strengthened the city in the 10th-11th century. After a brief occupation by the Franks after the Fourth Crusade, and the conquest of Constantinople in 1204, the city was conquered by the Serbs, and abandoned at an unknown time. During the occupation by the Ottoman Empire, it was used by the Turks as a quarry.
The excavations on the site of Philippi began in 1914 under the direction of the French Faculty of Archeology in Athens. After the Second World War, the excavations were resumed by the Greek Archaeological Society. Today, the archaeological excavations continue under the direction of the Greek Ministry of Archeology, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the French Faculty of Archeology in Athens.
The ancient city of Philippi was not as small as it appears today. Much of it has been lost over the centuries, either through the removal of building materials to build houses elsewhere or through agriculture. This is shown by the archaeological finds in Krinides.
It might be surprising to see so many ruined churches in such a small area. This is due to the fact that each of the temples of the former many gods had to be overbuilt by a church according to the Christian understanding.
The acceptance of Christianity
[edit]Philippi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its important role in the spread of Christianity in Europe.
The apostle Paul's journey to Philippi was an important step for the spread of Christianity in Europe. As an important Roman colony in Macedonia, Philippi was strategically located on the Via Egnatia, an important trade route. It was here that Paul founded the first Christian community in Europe, led by Lydia, a wealthy businesswoman who converted after hearing Paul's preaching. Thanks to her support, Christianity was able to establish itself in the city. Despite opposition, such as the imprisonment of Paul and Silas, the church persevered and grew. Paul's letters to the Philippians bear witness to his close ties and support. The church in Philippi became a model for further missionary activities in Europe and made a significant contribution to the spread of Christianity on the continent.
The appeal of Christianity over the ancient Greco-Roman religion was partly that ethical principles such as charity and forgiveness appealed to those who suffered from social injustice. Secondly, the Christian paradise offered a much more attractive prospect of the afterlife than the dark and threatening Hades of Greek religion. While Hades was seen as a dark place where all souls, regardless of their behaviour, went to live a shadowy existence, the Christian paradise promised eternal happiness, communion with God and the absence of suffering and pain. This promise of a blissful afterlife in paradise gave people great hope and comfort, especially in view of the harsh earthly life of the less privileged classes and slaves. This hopeful and positive view of life after death made Christianity particularly attractive to many people in the Roman Empire and contributed greatly to its spread and acceptance.
Special features of the Greco-Roman city
[edit]When visiting the ancient site, it is also worth noting that the public amenities of Roman cities such as Philippi were far superior to those of medieval European cities. Philippi had a well-developed water supply system that brought water into the city from springs and aqueducts. Public fountains and cisterns distributed the water. The city had a complex sewage system that channelled wastewater out of the city via canals and underground sewers. It had paved streets typical of Roman cities. These streets were well constructed and allowed for efficient transport and offered residents the comfort of being able to leave the house well dressed in all weathers. Public baths (thermal baths) were an important part of social and cultural life. Philippi had a well-developed theatre, as was typical of many Roman cities. The theatre was a central venue for cultural and social events such as theatre performances, musical performances and public gatherings.
In medieval European cities, on the other hand, water was obtained from rivers, wells or by collecting rainwater. Wastewater was often simply channelled into the street or into ditches, which led to hygiene problems. The streets were usually unpaved, muddy and full of rubbish, especially in smaller towns. Theatre performances and cultural events often took place in public squares, churches or in simple rooms specially prepared for the purpose.
On a tour of the ancient Greek cities, it is noticeable that there are no castles or large palaces in the modern sense, as we know them from later eras. This is closely linked to the cultural and political self-image of the ancient Greek city states, especially in times of democracy. Wealthy citizens generally had the desire and the obligation to use their wealth for the common good and not to build private palaces. This was often done through generous donations for public buildings, temples, theatres, agora (marketplaces), sports facilities and other public institutions. This was often motivated by the desire for social recognition and political influence in the polis. In some ways, this practice resembled later communist ideals in that it promoted the common good and strengthened social solidarity within the community. Nevertheless, ancient Greek practice differed markedly from communism in the voluntary nature of donations and the lack of centralised state planning for the redistribution of resources.
Get in
[edit]Philippi is reached via Kavala (15 km) or Drama (25 km). All connections are described there. The buses to Philippi run on regularly schedule from the bus stations in Kavala or Drama.
Get around
[edit]All attractions are within walking distance.
See
[edit]The turnoff from the main road Kavala-Drama to Philippi is well signposted. You reach a large parking lot, which runs around a small park and is also suitable for campers. The restaurant in the park, with plenty of outdoor seating under trees, is the best place to rest after a visit to the ancient site. Since there is hardly any shade in Philippi, it can be quite warm during the visit in midsummer. The old Via Egnatia and later, the meanwhile disused federal road divides the area into two parts. The upper part is dominated by the ancient theatre and the ancient temples covered by basilicas. Pleasure and religion were not opposites in Greco-Roman times, in contrast to the Christian view, as the 12 gods also enjoyed the pleasures of love and celebration. The lower part of the site is dominated by the Forum Romanum (Agora), the "CBD" of the ancient city, and residential buildings. One may wonder about the many churches on the relatively small excavation area, but each temple of the ancient religion had to be built with churches to prevent the worship of the ancient gods
During the summer, it is advisable to bring a headgear against the intense sun during the visit, since there are few shadows on the excavation site.
From the entrance you get directly to:
- 1 Theatre (No.2 on the map). It was probably built by King Philip II in the middle of the 4th century BC and extensively redesigned and completed by the Romans in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, so that the function of the theater could meet the needs of the performances of the time. It has been partially restored, and is used in summer for theatre and musical performances. The view from the ranks over the ruins and Pangaion Hills in the background is fantastic.
About 150 m further you can see the remains of a basilica, of which only the foundation stones remained:
- 2 Basilica A (No. 6 on map). It was a large, three-aisled basilica (130 x 50 m) with transept aisle on the east side, a square atrium, and a gallery over the aisles and the narthex (narrow, single-storey lobby at the main entrance). Fragments of the luxurious pavement and part of the ambo (pulpit) are preserved in the middle aisle. Particularly impressive are the frescoes that imitate orthostates (dados) in the porch of a chapel. Dated to the end of the 5th century AD.
If you stay above the Via Egnatia you will reach after another 150 m:
- 3 Basilica C (No. 17 on map). A three-aisled basilica with the remains of luxurious marble inlays on the floor. Dated as no later than the 6th century
- 4 Archaeological Museum (No.18 on the map). Although it offers not really impressive objects such as Athens museums, it is still worth the visit. A small shop in the museum offers replicas of antique objects
In front of the entrance of the museum, the path leads up to the Acropolis. Especially in the summer, the ascent is a bit difficult because of the slope and the lack of shade but still recommended.
- 5 Akropolis (No. 1b on map). The Acropolis, with its Late Byzantine tower, offers a wonderful view of Philippi and the surrounding countryside. This makes the somewhat arduous climb really worthwhile.
Leaving the upper part of the excavation site next to the Basilica A, you pass the Apostle Paul's prison (n ° 7) and cross Via Egnatia to reach the large central market (Agora) and directly behind the Basilica B
- 6 Agora (Forum Romanum) (No 8 + 9 on the map). The Forum Romanum/Agora was the central place for political decisions, economic transactions, social interactions and religious ceremonies, making it the vibrant centre of public life. It was a complex of public buildings, arranged around a central open space. The most impressive buildings are the northeastern and the northwestern temples.
- 7 Basilica B (No.10 on the map). Three-aisled basilica dates to about 550 AD. It has a narthex and appendages to the north and south (phiale, sacristy). The almost square aisle was covered by a vault supported by large pillars. A second vault covered the Holy Bema (closed space in Orthodox churches) .The basilica covers most of the previous Palaestra (No. 11), a humanistic Roman institution for physical and spiritual education. The Palaestra consisted of a central courtyard, rooms and a small amphitheatre.
- 8 Roman villa. These ruins lie outside the fenced-in excavation area and are freely accessible.
- 9 Basilika. The ruins of the basilica "extra muros", discovered in 1992, are located in Krinides 500m from the parking lot and are well worth a detour, as they originally belonged to the entire complex of Philippi. It was badly damaged by the Ostrogoths during the siege of Philippi in AD 473. It was finally destroyed in the first half of the 7th century due to a strong earthquake and in the 9th century by the Bulgarians when they occupied Philippi. Some graves have been found. It is believed that there have been cemeteries there since Roman times. Next to the basilica there is a nice café under the trees, where you can relax from a walk there.
- 10 Ancient cemetery. The excavation site is a cemetery outside a basilica. The southern part of the basilica is cut off from the dirt road that runs through it and serves the neighboring fields. The graves in the church are impressive. They are underground, spacious with beautiful decoration, inscriptions, etc. They are in the shape of catacombs. There are also above-ground coffin-shaped tombs, vaulted roofs of the familiar type also found in the other northern cemetery basilica. Unfortunately, the area is not accessible, except through a hole in the wire mesh on the south side.
Do
[edit]
- Attend theatre performance. In the summer, ancient dramas or music events are held in the ancient theater. You should definitely take cushions, as the long sitting on the stone rows can otherwise be agony
- Take a mud bath in Lasponera
Eat
[edit]Next to the archaeological site is a nice restaurant with sitting places in the shadow under big trees in a park. In walking distance from there are several restaurants in the village of Krinides or in the village of Lydia 3 km away. It is also worth to drive about 10 km towards Drama to 1 Apo Kefalari, at the foot of a mountain, a village known for its trout-specialized romantic cafes and restaurants lining a stream. Even on hot summer evenings, it is relatively cool here. From Kato Kefalaria you can reach 2 Piges within 2 km. Here is a tourist restaurant on a small lake and is also highly recommended to visit.
Drink
[edit]- 1 Park Bar & Restaurant. Located directly at the parking area under trees in the little park it is the best place to rest after the visit of the ancient site
Sleep
[edit]- 1 Philippeio Hotel. Good hotel and restaurant in Krinides
- 2 Jannis Hotel. Right next to the nearby mud bath
- 3 Hotel Lydia. Hotel directly at the Baptistery of Lydia
Other highly recommended hotels are in the 15 km away Kavala
Go next
[edit]- 11 Lydia. Every visitor of Philippi should also visit Lydia that is about 1 km to the north. At the entrance of the Baptistery of Lydia, there is a beautiful octagonal church with wonderful icons and mosaics and a cross-shaped baptismal font in a stream where adult baptisms are performed. Many Greeks have their children baptized in the chapel because of the special significance of the place for Christianity. In the creek that flows beside the chapel, the apostle Paul is said to have performed the first baptism on European soil, the rich Jewish merchant Lydia.
- 12 Ancient battlefields of Philippi. In the double battle at Philippi, west of Philippi in October / November 42 BC the Roman triumvirates Marcus Antonius and Octavian (the later emperor Augustus) won about the followers of the republic, Marcus Iunius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, who had been among the leaders of the assassination attempt on Gaius Iulius Caesar. You can no longer see any of the battles in the fields. Only the 2 hills, each about 500 m from the mud bath, where part of the fortification of the army of Cassius are still visible today. On the larger, northern hill you can still see the remains of the fortifications and have a beautiful view of Philippi and the second hill and the former marshland. There is no path on the hill, so you have to go cross-country. The ascent is not exhausting and the view is worth the effort. In the immediate vicinity of the hills is the Lasponera mud bath, where you can park well and also find refreshment in the restaurant. It is a good starting point for visiting the northern hill. The southern hill has nothing to see and is not worth the climb.
- 13 Lasponera. A few kilometres from Lydia is Lasponera, a 'healing mud bath' for joint and back pain. A doctor will ask you questions about your health before you go in, and there are separate pools for men and women. Even if you are in good health, it is well worth a visit! As it is an open-air facility, the mud baths are only open from June to October. There is also a therapeutic spring, which you can enjoy in a historic post-Byzantine bath, and masseurs on site. €6.
- 14 Sinful Roman Monument. This monument of Caius Vibius is a 4 m high marble monolith, dating to the 1st century AD, near Krinides village. Two of its four sides bear an inscription, which refers to the career of the Roman officer Caius Vibius Quartus. The damage to the monument is said to have been a measure to stop the old habit of the pregnant women of the area to secretly rub themselves in an "immoral" way on the corners of the monument, believing that this would only give them male children. To stop this sinful and non-godly old habit, the corners of the monument were removed, putting an end to sins. This is not as unusual as it seems. The same was also true of the stones (menhir) of the megalithic cultures in Christian times. Here, too, the ladies snuggled up to the stones, believing in fertility.
- 15 Dikili Tash. The archaeological site of Dikili Tash is mainly a prehistoric settlement, dating to the Neolithic period (6400-4000 BC) and the Bronze Age (3000-1100 BC). Remains from Hellenistic and Roman times also exist, however, and a Byzantine tower crowns its top. There is not really much to see and so more a place for archaeologists
- Kavala
- Drama
- Pangaion Hills
- Nestos
- Rhodope Mountains