Sahel Voyage Tips and guide

	WARNING: Most of the Sahel remains unsafe for travel because of civil wars, insurgencies, and terrorism; especially in Sudan, Chad, Niger, and Mali. See the respective warnings in each of these countries' articles.

The Sahel is a region of Africa at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.

Chad Well off-the-beaten-path for all but the hardiest of travellers; very unstable in the north.

Mali A country with a remarkable history and heritage; home to the ancient trade capitals and seats of learning of Djenné and Timbuktu.

Mauritania Quite possibly the lease dangerous and most modern country in the region; visitor interest here is primarily centred on the Saharan dune regions.

Niger Similar to neighbouring Mali and perhaps the most popular Sahelian country with travellers.

Sudan One of the largest countries in Africa and home to the world's oldest continuous major civilisations; it has been highly prone to conflict.

There is a very small population in this region of Africa. Cities are rare and far between but here are the main ones.

• 16.9722227.9908331 Agadez — historically a very important stage on the trans-Saharan caravan routes in northern Niger
• 12.645833-7.9922222 Bamako — capital of Mali
• 15.6030832.526543 Khartoum — capital of Sudan and by far the largest city in the region
• 14.4873-4.18964 Mopti — one of the main ports in Mali and a good gateway for many impressive attractions such as Djenné, Timbuktu, and Dogon Country.
• 12.1115.055 N'Djamena — capital of Chad
• 13.5152.11756 Niamey — capital of Niger
• 18.08581-15.97857 Nouakchott — capital of Mauritania
• 19.61583337.2163898 Port Sudan — large Red Sea port city
• 16.773333-2.9994449 Timbuktu — a city of great historical importance particularly for education and the spread of Islam.

• 13.78412.95151 Balleyara Market — two hours from Niamey in Niger, one of West Africa's largest animal markets, plus a colorful array of other traditional market and artisanal goods (Sundays)
• 14.35-3.61672 Dogon Country — a trek through this landscape of scattered cliff-side villages in is not to be missed by any Mali visitor
• 13.9-4.553 Djenne — once a religious and commercial center to rival Timbuktu, this small town of multi-storey mud buildings in Mali is quite a sight
• 122.54 W National Park — a large trans-border national park, most accessible from Niamey in Niger
• 13.09926314.5046355 Lake Chad

The Sahel runs 3,862 km from the Atlantic Ocean coast of Mauritania in the west to the Red Sea coast of Sudan in the east. The ecoregion definition takes in part of other countries but for the purposes of this travel guide, it includes all of Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Sudan. The region consists of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands lying between the Central African wooded savanna to the south, and the Sahara to the north.

The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat, and the region mostly lies between 200 and 400 m elevation.

Over the history of Africa the region has been home to some of the most advanced kingdoms benefiting from trade across the desert. Collectively these states are known as the Sahelian kingdoms which were a series of empires, based in the Sahel, which had many similarities. The wealth of the states came from controlling the Trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after 750, and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bend region, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.

During the 19th century, the French colonized the Western and Central Sahel while the Muhammed Ali of Egypt invaded the Eastern Sahel (Sudan) in 1820. Eventually the British became the de facto occupiers of Sudan. Every Sahelian country achieved independence from their respective European colonial power over the 1950s and 1960s.

Unfortunately, due to the region's constant instability and coups in the 21st-century, the region has colloquially earned the nickname of "coup belt". Travel to this region is one of the most off-the-beaten-path destinations in the world, as more extremist groups centre themselves in the Sahel.

Annual rainfall varies from around 100-200 mm in the north of the Sahel to around 700-900 mm in the south.

Overland travel in the region is covered extensively in the book Sahara (ISBN 0297843036) by Michael Palin, detailing a journey they did for a BBC programme back in 2001.

Getting in by plane most often remains the only practical means to reach the Sahel. The primary airports are the capital cities: Nouakchott, Dakar, Bamako, Niamey and Khartoum.

Getting to the Sahel is extremely difficult, but not impossible, and firmly discouraged by most Western governments. Border regions tend to be ripe for terrorism, kidnappings, and are simply volatile overall. Many tend to be closed for unspecified durations and cannot be reasonably relied upon.

The Sahel is one of the most off-the-beaten path destinations in the world and understandably so: political instability, terrorism, violent crime and kidnapping plague the entire region. Many countries as such issue do not travel warnings to almost all of the Sahel, with the exception of Mauritania and N'Djamena in Chad.

Violent crime in this region most often includes armed robbery, murder, assault and carjackings. In most of the Sahel, these issues are ripe and almost everywhere, though you can mitigate the risk by never travelling alone, avoiding lingering around ATMs, not carrying any valuables, and avoid walking in the dark.

Kidnapping primarily happens in border areas, particularly in Mali and Niger, though also common in Chad and Sudan. Avoid travelling to remote areas; however, even in less remote areas, travel in a convoy of two and never travel after dark. In areas where kidnappings pose an even higher risk, ensure your route is unpredictable. Always remain aware of your surroundings.

If you're a foreigner, you have a higher risk of being targetted by terrorism, with airports, government buildings, schools, and major centres as some of the most affected. Additionally, avoid major public gatherings, as these areas have increasingly becomme targets for strikes and raids from insurgents.

The heat throughout the Sahel is extreme. Dehydration is a constant risk – always carry more water than you think you need.