Australia - Environment
As far as the environment of Australia is concerned, there have been soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; limited natural freshwater resources; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; drought, desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; disruption of the fragile ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; overfishing, pollution, and invasive species are also problems. As for nvironment - international agreements, we have; Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling.
About the environment of Australia
Climate We have generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Revenue from forest resources 0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal 0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)
Waste and recycling Municipal solid waste generated annually: 13.345 million tons (2015 est.)
Total renewable water resources 492 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km) River Murray - 2,508 km; Darling River - 1,545 km; Murrumbidgee River - 1,485 km; Lachlan River - 1,339 km; Cooper Creek - 1,113 km; Flinders River - 1,004 km
Total water withdrawal
Municipal 2.29 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial 2.89 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural 8.57 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions 8.93 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions 375.91 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions 105.01 megatons (2020 est.)
Land Use
Agricultural land 46.65% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land arable land: 4.03% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops permanent crops: 0.04% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture permanent pasture: 42.58% (2018 est.)
Forest 17.42% (2018 est.)
Other 33.42% (2018 est.)
Urbanization
Urban population 86.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization 1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas (Pop) 5.235 million Melbourne, 5.121 million Sydney, 2.505 million Brisbane, 2.118 million Perth, 1.367 million Adelaide, 472,000 CANBERRA (capital) (2023).
All Important Facts about Australia

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Australia is found in Australia and New Zealand