Climate | We have mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq |
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Revenue from forest resources | 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
Revenue from coal | 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
Waste and recycling | Municipal solid waste generated annually: 13.14 million tons (2015 est.) |
Total renewable water resources | 89.86 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) |
Major rivers (by length in km) | Euphrates river mouth (shared with Turkey[s], Syria, and Iran) - 3,596 km; Tigris river mouth (shared with Turkey[s], Syria, and Iran) - 1,950 km; the Tigris and Euphrates join to form the Shatt al Arab note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth |
Total water withdrawal | |
Municipal | 6.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) |
Industrial | 5.49 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) |
Agricultural | 44.23 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) |
Air pollutants | |
Particulate matter emissions | 39.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) |
Carbon dioxide emissions | 190.06 megatons (2016 est.) |
Methane emissions | 17.44 megatons (2020 est.) |
Land Use | |
Agricultural land | 18.1% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: arable land | arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: permanent crops | permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: permanent pasture | permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.) |
Forest | 1.9% (2018 est.) |
Other | 80% (2018 est.) |
Urbanization | |
Urban population | 71.6% of total population (2023) |
Rate of urbanization | 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
Major urban areas (Pop) | 7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023). |
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