Here, let us take a look at the Geography of Brazil. note 1: largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador; most of the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, extends through the west central part of the country; shares Iguaçu Falls (Iguazú Falls), the world's largest waterfalls system, with Argentina
note 2: cassava (manioc) the sixth most important food crop in the world -- after maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, and soybeans -- probably originated in the west-central part of Brazil; pineapples are probably indigenous to the southern Brazil-Paraguay region
note 3: Rocas Atoll, located off the northeast coast of Brazil, is the only atoll in the South Atlantic. Mother's mean age at first birth is (), whereas, the Maternal mortality ratio is 72 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Location | Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean |
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Geographic coordinates | 10 00 S, 55 00 W |
Map references | South America |
Tarrain | mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt |
Natural Resources | alumina, bauxite, beryllium, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, niobium, phosphates, platinum, tantalum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber |
Natural Hazards | recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south |
Irrigated Land | 69,029 sq km (2017) |
Major rivers (by length in km) | Amazon river mouth (shared with Peru [s]) - 6,400 km; Río de la Plata/Paraná river source (shared with Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay [m]) - 4,880 km; Tocantins - 3,650 km; São Francisco - 3,180 km; Paraguay river source (shared with Argentina and Paraguay [m]) - 2,549 km; Rio Negro river mouth (shared with Colombia [s] and Venezuela) - 2,250 km; Uruguay river source (shared with Argentina and Uruguay [m]) - 1,610 km note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth |
Major aquifers | Amazon Basin, Guarani Aquifer System, Maranhao Basin |
Land Boundaries | 16,145 km |
Border Countries | Argentina 1,263 km; Bolivia 3,403 km; Colombia 1,790 km; French Guiana 649 km; Guyana 1,308 km; Paraguay 1,371 km; Peru 2,659 km; Suriname 515 km; Uruguay 1,050 km; Venezuela 2,137 km |
Coastline | 7,491 km |
Climate | mostly tropical, but temperate in south |
Area | |
Total Area | |
Land Area | 8,358,140 sq km |
Water Area | 157,630 sq km |
comparative Area | slightly smaller than the US |
Maritime Claims | |
Territorial sea | 12 nm |
Contiguous zone | 24 nm |
Exclusive economic zone | 200 nm |
Continental shelf | 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin |
Elevations | |
Highest point | Pico da Neblina 2,994 m |
Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean 0 m |
Mean elevation | 320 m |
Land Use | |
Agricultural land | 32.9% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: arable land | arable land: 8.6% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: permanent crops | permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: permanent pasture | permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.) |
Forest | 61.9% (2018 est.) |
Other | 5.2% (2018 est.) |
The vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of São Paolo, Brasília, and Rio de Janeiro
In Brazil, the different Ethnic groups are such that we have: Mixed 45.3%, White 43.5%, Black 10.2%, Indigenous 0.6%, Asian 0.4% (2022 est.)
Population | |
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Pop growth rate | 0.61% (2024 est.) |
Birth rate | 13.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.) |
Death rate | 7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.) |
Health expenditure | 10.3% of GDP (2020) |
Physicians Density | |
Hospital bed Density | 2.1 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
Total fertility rate | 1.74 children born/woman (2024 est.) |
Gross reproduction rate | 0.85 (2024 est.) |
Contraceptive prevalence rate | 80.5% (2019) |
Est married women (ages 15-49) | 55.9% (2023 est.) |
Literacy | age 15 and over can read and write |
Education expenditures | 6% of GDP (2019 est.) |
Net Migration rate | -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.) |
Nationality | Brazilian | Brazilian(s) |
Languages | |
Religions | Roman Catholic 52.8%, Protestant 26.7% (Evangelical 25.5%, other Protestant 1.2%), African-American cultist/Umbanda 1.8%, other 3%, agnostic/atheist 0.6%, none 13.6%, unspecified 1.4% (2023 est.) |
Age Structure | |
0-14 years | 19.6% (male 22,025,593/female 21,088,398) |
15-64 years | 69.5% (male 75,889,089/female 77,118,722) |
65 years and over | 10.9% (2024 est.) (male 10,251,809/female 13,677,901) |
Dependency Ratios | |
Total dependency ratio | 43.1 |
Youth dependency ratio | 29.4 |
Elderly dependency ratio | 13.7 |
Potential support ratio | 7.3 (2021 est.) |
Median Age | |
Total | 35.1 years (2024 est.) |
Male | 34 years |
Female | 36.1 years |
Urbanization | |
Urban population | 87.8% of total population (2023) |
Rate of urbanization | 0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
Major urban areas (Pop) | 22.620 million São Paulo, 13.728 million Rio de Janeiro, 6.248 million Belo Horizonte, 4.873 million BRASÍLIA (capital), 4.264 million Recife, 4.212 million Porto Alegre (2023). |
Sex Ratio | |
At birth | 1.05 male(s)/female |
0-14 years | 1.04 male(s)/female |
15-64 years | 0.98 male(s)/female |
65 years and over | 0.75 male(s)/female |
Total population | 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.) |
Infant Motality | |
Total | 12.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) |
Male | 14.6 deaths/1,000 live births |
Female | 11.1 deaths/1,000 live births |
Life Expectancy at birth | |
Total population | 76.3 years (2024 est.) |
Male | 72.6 years |
Female | 80.1 years |
Drinking Water Sources | |
Improved: urban | urban: 99.8% of population |
Improved: rural | rural: 96.9% of population |
Improved: total | total: 99.4% of population |
Unimproved: urban | urban: 0.2% of population |
Unimproved: rural | rural: 3.1% of population |
Unimproved: total | total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.) |
Sanitation facility acess | |
Improved: urban | urban: 94.1% of population |
Improved: rural | rural: 63.6% of population |
Improved: total | total: 90.2% of population |
Unimproved: urban | urban: 5.9% of population |
Unimproved: rural | rural: 36.4% of population |
Unimproved: total | total: 9.8% of population (2020 est.) |
Major Infectious diseases | |
Degree of risk | very high (2023) |
Food or waterborne diseases | bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A |
Vectorborne diseases | dengue fever, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases: hepatitis B (2024) |
Water contact diseases | schistosomiasis |
Alcohol consumption per capita | |
Total | 6.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Beer | 3.84 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Wine | 0.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Spirits | 2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Other alcohols | 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Tobacco use | |
Total | 12.8% (2020 est.) |
Male | 16.2% (2020 est.) |
Female | 9.4% (2020 est.) |
Brazil’s rapid fertility decline since the 1960s is the main factor behind the country's slowing population growth rate, aging population, and fast-paced demographic transition. As of 2023, Brazil’s total fertility rate – the average number of children born per woman – was 1.75, below the 2.1 replacement rate needed to prevent a population decrease. The 2022 national census showed that population growth had slowed more than expected. Factors behind the decrease include fewer births as couples marry later and more women work, an increase in the mortality rate as the population ages, the Zika epidemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as economic troubles and the emigration of young people. The current window of opportunity to benefit from a demographic bonus – when the working-age population exceeds the number of children and the elderly combined – is expected to close around 2035, ten years earlier than expected.
Well-funded public pensions have nearly wiped out poverty among the elderly, and Bolsa Familia and other social programs have lifted tens of millions out of poverty. More than half of Brazil’s population is considered middle class, but poverty and income inequality levels remain high; the Northeast, North, and Center-West, women, and black, mixed race, and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. Disparities in opportunities foster social exclusion and contribute to Brazil’s high crime rate, particularly violent crime in cities and favelas.
Brazil has traditionally been a net recipient of immigrants, with its southeast being the prime destination. After abolishing slavery in 1888, the last country in the Americas to do so, Brazil sought Europeans (Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Germans) and later Asians (Japanese) to work in agriculture, especially coffee cultivation. Lebanese and Syrian immigrants arrived at the end of the 19th century and focused on trade and later commerce. Between 2011 and 2020, the largest immigrant groups came from Venezuela, Haiti, Bolivia, Colombia, and the US. Since Brazil’s economic downturn in the 1980s, emigration to the United States, Paraguay, Europe, and Japan has been rising but is negligible relative to Brazil’s total population. The majority of these emigrants are well-educated and middle-class. Fewer Brazilian peasants are emigrating to neighboring countries to take up agricultural work.
Want to know more about Brazil? Check all different factbooks for Brazil below.