Here, let us take a look at the Geography of Niger. Landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture. Mother's mean age at first birth is 18.5 years (2012 est.) (Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49), whereas, the Maternal mortality ratio is 441 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Location | Western Africa, southeast of Algeria |
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Geographic coordinates | 16 00 N, 8 00 E |
Map references | Africa |
Tarrain | predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north |
Natural Resources | uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum |
Natural Hazards | recurring droughts |
Irrigated Land | 2,666 sq km (2020) |
Major rivers (by length in km) | Niger (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, Benin, and Nigeria [m]) - 4,200 km note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth |
Major aquifers | Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Murzuk-Djado Basin |
Land Boundaries | 5,834 km |
Border Countries | Algeria 951 km; Benin 277 km; Burkina Faso 622 km; Chad 1,196 km; Libya 342 km; Mali 838 km; Nigeria 1,608 km |
Coastline | 0 km (landlocked) |
Climate | desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south |
Area | |
Total Area | |
Land Area | 1,266,700 sq km |
Water Area | 300 sq km |
comparative Area | slightly less than twice the size of Texas |
Maritime Claims | |
Elevations | |
Highest point | Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m |
Lowest point | Niger River 200 m |
Mean elevation | 474 m |
Land Use | |
Agricultural land | 35.1% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: arable land | arable land: 12.3% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: permanent crops | permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.) |
Agricultural land: permanent pasture | permanent pasture: 22.7% (2018 est.) |
Forest | 1% (2018 est.) |
Other | 63.9% (2018 est.) |
Majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map
In Niger, the different Ethnic groups are such that we have: Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)
Population | |
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Pop growth rate | 3.66% (2024 est.) |
Birth rate | 46.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.) |
Death rate | 9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.) |
Health expenditure | 6.2% of GDP (2020) |
Physicians Density | |
Hospital bed Density | 0.4 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
Total fertility rate | 6.64 children born/woman (2024 est.) |
Gross reproduction rate | 3.27 (2024 est.) |
Contraceptive prevalence rate | 11% (2021) |
Est married women (ages 15-49) | 80.3% (2023 est.) |
Literacy | age 15 and over can read and write |
Education expenditures | 3.8% of GDP (2020 est.) |
Net Migration rate | -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.) |
Nationality | Nigerien | Nigerien(s) |
Languages | Hausa, Zarma, French (official), Fufulde, Tamashek, Kanuri, Gurmancema, Tagdal |
Religions | Muslim 95.5%, ethnic religionist 4.1%, Christian 0.3%, agnostics and other 0.1% (2020 est.) |
Age Structure | |
0-14 years | 49.5% (male 6,567,460/female 6,463,877) |
15-64 years | 47.8% (male 6,146,355/female 6,451,574) |
65 years and over | 2.7% (2024 est.) (male 342,388/female 371,130) |
Dependency Ratios | |
Total dependency ratio | 105.4 |
Youth dependency ratio | 100.4 |
Elderly dependency ratio | 5 |
Potential support ratio | 20.1 (2021 est.) |
Median Age | |
Total | 15.2 years (2024 est.) |
Male | 14.9 years |
Female | 15.6 years |
Urbanization | |
Urban population | 17.1% of total population (2023) |
Rate of urbanization | 4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
Major urban areas (Pop) | 1.437 million NIAMEY (capital) (2023). |
Sex Ratio | |
At birth | 1.03 male(s)/female |
0-14 years | 1.02 male(s)/female |
15-64 years | 0.95 male(s)/female |
65 years and over | 0.92 male(s)/female |
Total population | 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.) |
Infant Motality | |
Total | 64.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) |
Male | 69.2 deaths/1,000 live births |
Female | 59.2 deaths/1,000 live births |
Life Expectancy at birth | |
Total population | 60.9 years (2024 est.) |
Male | 59.3 years |
Female | 62.5 years |
Drinking Water Sources | |
Improved: urban | urban: 95.8% of population |
Improved: rural | rural: 63.1% of population |
Improved: total | total: 68.6% of population |
Unimproved: urban | urban: 4.2% of population |
Unimproved: rural | rural: 36.9% of population |
Unimproved: total | total: 31.4% of population (2020 est.) |
Sanitation facility acess | |
Improved: urban | urban: 81.9% of population |
Improved: rural | rural: 13.5% of population |
Improved: total | total: 24.8% of population |
Unimproved: urban | urban: 18.1% of population |
Unimproved: rural | rural: 86.5% of population |
Unimproved: total | total: 75.2% of population (2020 est.) |
Major Infectious diseases | |
Degree of risk | very high (2023) |
Food or waterborne diseases | bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever |
Vectorborne diseases | malaria, dengue fever, and sexually transmitted diseases: hepatitis B (2024) |
Water contact diseases | schistosomiasis |
Animal contact diseases | rabies |
Respiratory diseases | meningococcal meningitis |
Alcohol consumption per capita | |
Total | 0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Beer | 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Wine | 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Spirits | 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Other alcohols | 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) |
Tobacco use | |
Total | 7.4% (2020 est.) |
Male | 13.7% (2020 est.) |
Female | 1.1% (2020 est.) |
Niger has the highest total fertility rate (TFR) of any country in the world, averaging close to 7 children per woman in 2022. A slight decline in fertility over the last few decades has stalled. This leveling off of the high fertility rate is in large part a product of the continued desire for large families. In Niger, the TFR is lower than the desired fertility rate, which makes it unlikely that contraceptive use will increase. The high TFR sustains rapid population growth and a large youth population – almost 70% of the populace is under the age of 25, as of 2020. Gender inequality, including a lack of educational opportunities for women and early marriage and childbirth, also contributes to high population growth.
Because of large family sizes, children are inheriting smaller and smaller parcels of land. The dependence of most Nigeriens on subsistence farming on increasingly small landholdings, coupled with declining rainfall and the resultant shrinkage of arable land, are all preventing food production from keeping up with population growth.
For more than half a century, Niger's lack of economic development has led to steady net outmigration. In the 1960s, Nigeriens mainly migrated to coastal West African countries to work on a seasonal basis. Some headed to Libya and Algeria in the 1970s to work in the booming oil industry until its decline in the 1980s. Since the 1990s, the principal destinations for Nigerien labor migrants have been West African countries, especially Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire, while emigration to Europe and North America has remained modest. During the same period, Niger’s desert trade route town Agadez became a hub for West African and other Sub-Saharan migrants crossing the Sahara to North Africa and sometimes onward to Europe.
More than 60,000 Malian refugees have fled to Niger since violence between Malian government troops and armed rebels began in early 2012. Ongoing attacks by the Boko Haram Islamist insurgency, dating to 2013 in northern Nigeria and February 2015 in southeastern Niger, pushed tens of thousands of Nigerian refugees and Nigerien returnees across the border to Niger and displaced thousands of locals in Niger’s already impoverished Diffa region.
Want to know more about Niger? Check all different factbooks for Niger below.