Canada Voyage Tips and guide

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Canada is the world's second largest country by area, behind only Russia. Nicknamed the Great White North, Canada is renowned for its vast landscapes of outstanding natural beauty and its multicultural heritage. While there are cosmopolitan cities, much of Canada consists of forests, it has more lakes than any other country and it features the Rocky Mountains, the Prairies, three oceanic coasts and a sparsely populated archipelago extending into the Arctic.

Visiting Canada all in one trip is a massive undertaking. The Trans-Canada Highway is about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) from St. John's, Newfoundland to Victoria, British Columbia (about the same distance as Cairo to Capetown, and more than three times Napoleon's march from Paris to Moscow). Crossing the country with any ground transport takes at least a week, even if you do not stop to sightsee. A flight from Toronto to Vancouver takes over 4 hours.

When planning a trip within Canada, it's better to consider its distinct regions:

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Canada regions — switch to static map

Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) The region with the longest history of European influence, Atlantic Canada is the cradle of several distinct local cultures, notably the indigenous Mi'kmaq, Innu, and Nunatsiavut peoples, the French-speaking Acadians, the descendants of the "Loyalists" (refugees from the American Revolution, including the "Black [African] Loyalists"), the Scottish-Gaelic Highlanders of Cape Breton Island, and the isolated Irish-influenced, Newfoundlanders (who were a separate country until 1949). The region is also known for the beauty of its coastal landscapes, the historic cityscapes of Halifax and St. John's and its seafood-dominated cuisine.

Quebec Massive Quebec consists of a densely-populated (and French-speaking) cluster around the St. Lawrence River and a vast, sparsely-populated (and mostly Indigenous) northern hinterland. The Laurentian region is like a small European country hiding inside North America, and Quebec is famously known as a "distinct society" when compared to the rest of Canada: it is the only Canadian province with a French-speaking majority, having been the core of the French colony of New France until 1759. Quebec's main attractions are the historic capital, Quebec City, with its World Heritage-listed old town, and massive Winter Festival, and its major economic hub of Montreal, Canada's second-largest city, Canada's cultural capital, and one of the world's great French-speaking cultural capitals with its own classic architecture and unique French-British hybrid history. Further out from those cities, one finds farms and (again, notably European-looking) small towns of the river valleys, picturesque fishing villages along the Atlantic, maple plantations and ski resorts further up the hills, and finally the vast forest, lakes, and tundra of the north.

Ontario Canada's most populous province is geographically vast, allowing for endless activities to partake in. Southern Ontario, where most of the population and economic activity are, includes the City of Toronto, Canada's largest city. It is eclectic, multicultural, and vibrant with 140 unique neighbourhoods. Ottawa is Canada's charming, bilingual capital and features an array of art galleries and museums that showcase Canada's past and present. Farther south is Niagara Falls and the north is home to the untapped natural beauty of the Muskoka and beyond. Northern Ontario is relatively sparsely populated and contains vast wildernesses, but also lots of mining and logging towns. All these things and more highlight Ontario as what is considered quintessentially Canadian by outsiders.

Canadian Prairies (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan) Known for their vast open spaces and plentiful resources, the Canadian Prairies are a dynamic set of provinces with some of the most stunning natural beauty in the world. The region is rich in geographic variety, from rolling hills and farm fields in Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the thick forests and unique rock formations of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta (and notably the resort towns of Banff and Jasper). This region is also one of the youngest and fastest growing in Canada, and since the turn of the millennium the principal cities of Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg have between them added many festivals, museums, and concert venues, as well as numerous of shops and restaurants.

British Columbia The port city of Vancouver is the gateway to British Columbia. It is known as one of the most socially permissive and culturally diverse cities in North America with everything from world-class skiing to nude beaches. Near Vancouver one finds Victoria, the provincial capital with a bustling downtown and scenic legislature grounds, and the Okanagan, which is home to wineries, graceful mountains, and resorts. Further from Vancouver one can get lost in the vastness of mountains, lakes, and other natural wonders. The province also has the mildest winters in Canada on average (though often cloudy), especially in coastal regions, making it popular with visitors who are less enthusiastic about Canadian winters.

Northern Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon) The territories are some of the most remote regions on Earth and constitute 40% of Canada's landmass. Though more known for their unique fauna and landscapes, the Territories also have some interesting human settlements, including Dawson City, looking nearly untouched from the gold rush of 1898, and Iqaluit, Canada's newest territorial capital, which is home to some interestingly adaptive architecture to the harsh climate of the North.

• 45.424722-75.6951 Ottawa — Canada's national capital, this city is home to national government monuments like Parliament Hill, many major museums like the National Gallery, cool urban neighbourhoods like the ByWard Market, and great old architecture.
• 51.05-114.0666672 Calgary — A boom-town without a doubt, Calgary is a major Canadian financial city, but for non-business travellers, it offers museums and shopping, the world-class Calgary Zoo and the Calgary Stampede (one of the world's largest rodeos). It is only a short distance from the recreation of the Rockies.
• 44.647778-63.5713893 Halifax — home to the second largest natural harbour in the world is rich in history with architecture dating back from English colonialism. See fortress Citadel hill, Canadian museum of the Atlantic, and the active night life where everything is a short walk away.
• 45.508889-73.5616674 Montreal — Once Canada's largest metropolis, Montreal is the core of North America's Francophone culture (you can still get by with English) and is home to some of the finest galleries, museums, venues, and festivals in the country along with great shopping on streets like Sainte-Catherine and Saint-Denis. Known as the cultural capital of Canada. Don't miss Mount Royal, either.
• 46.816111-71.2241675 Quebec City — The provincial capital of Quebec, founded 1608, well known for its quaint old city, its grand winter festival and gorgeous architecture like the Château Frontenac.
• 43.670278-79.3866676 Toronto — The largest city in Canada, fourth-largest in North America, Toronto is the media, entertainment, business, and economic capital of Canada. Toronto is well known for famous landmarks like the CN Tower, but also has many great museums, theatres, sports venues, shopping districts, entertainment districts, beaches, and recreational parks.
• 49.260833-123.1138897 Vancouver — One of the most densely populated cities in Canada, Vancouver is a city of steel and glass condominiums and outstanding natural beauty; you can ski and sit on the beach in the same 24 hours. The city was also the host of the 2010 Winter Olympics and is frequently ranked as one of the most livable cities in the world.
• 60.717222-135.0558338 Whitehorse — Capital and largest city of Yukon, and midpoint of the Alaska Highway, gateway to the outdoor activities of Canada's far north.
• 49.895556-97.1386119 Winnipeg — This city is near the heart of the continent and has a rich French-Canadian and First Nations culture, along with well preserved blocks of historic commercial buildings, renowned arts and culture, and the vibrancy of the Forks.

See the "Canada" section of the UNESCO World Heritage List, as well as the list of Canadian national parks, for a sample of Canada's cultural and natural attractions. Many important natural areas can be found also in provincial parks, owned and managed by provincial governments. The Quebec government calls its provincial parks national parks.

Of particular fame, from west to east are:

• The vast wilds and isolated settlements of the North, particularly 64.066667-139.4291671 Dawson City, the hub of the Klondike gold rush of the 1890s, with many of the buildings of that era largely preserved
• The rocky Pacific coast of Vancouver Island, the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, and the smaller islands between them, for example 48.76-123.552 the Southern Gulf Islands: quiet refuges a short ferry ride from urbane Vancouver
• The dry, sunny valleys of the British Columbian interior, notably 49.747778-119.7172223 the Okanagan, a wide valley featuring a deep, clean lake, Canada's warmest summers, and fresh fruits and wines that go with the weather
• The dramatic alpine vistas of the Rocky Mountains, in particular in 51.166667-115.554 Banff National Park, oldest and most famous of all Canadian national parks, and home to world-famous Lake Louise
• The wide skies and open spaces of the prairies (plains), for example at 49.0819-111.6175 Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, a world heritage site featuring natural rock formations and Indigenous rock art
• The rich farmlands and historic towns of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River region, where the majority of Canadians actually live, notably 43-79.56 the Niagara Peninsula, home of the famous waterfalls, Central Canada's most famous wine region, and numerous historic sites related to the War of 1812
• The cottage country found all along the southern edge of the vast boreal forest that covers the northern halves of most provinces, where there are many camping and boating opportunities as well as lakeside "cottages" and "chalets" (vacation homes) for rent, in particular 45.8-78.77 Algonquin Park, Canada's oldest and most famous provincial park, which is between Toronto and Ottawa
• The rolling Appalachian Mountains and charming fishing villages of the Atlantic coast, for example 48.069669-69.6615118 Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park, the most popular national park east of the Rockies and a beluga whale-watching mecca

Capital	Ottawa
Currency	Canadian Dollar (CAD)
Population	36,991,981 (2021 census)
Electricity	120 volt / 60 hertz (NEMA 1-15, NEMA 5-15)
Country code	+1
Time zone	UTC -3.5 to UTC -8
Emergencies	911
Driving side	right
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Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural beauty. Canada's economic, cultural, linguistic and social characteristics closely resemble its neighbour to the south, the United States, but there are significant differences as well, as Canadians will be quick to tell you! For one thing, over 20% of Canadians (mostly, but by no means all, in Quebec) speak French as a first language. Also, while Canada is about the same size as the U.S. (larger if you count the many lakes), it has only about a tenth the population, most of them living within 200 km (120 mi) of the U.S.-Canada border. Large areas further north are quite sparsely populated and some is nearly uninhabited wilderness.

Indigenous cultural symbolism is also generally more visible in Canada than in the U.S., and there are plenty of opportunities for tourists to engage with Indigenous cultures. Indigenous issues occupy a prominent role in mainstream Canadian political discourse.

Canada is consistently ranked as one of the wealthiest, least corrupt and most livable nations on Earth.

See also: Indigenous cultures of North America, Age of Discovery, British Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Old West

The main wave of prehistoric settlers that came into the Americas from Northeast Asia via Alaska are thought to have arrived around 15,000 years ago, although the first migrants may have arrived around 30,000 years back and the last about 5,000. The main current theory as to the expansion of the prehistoric settlers is a southward migration along the coast with branching populations moving east and, later on, north. By this theory, the longest established cultures are the Pacific Coast tribes and the most recently established are the Arctic cultures.

Indigenous nations across what would later become Canada led different lifestyles depending on the local environment and the resources they could use for food and materials. The Pacific Coast peoples relied on salmon fishing and were about to construct elaborate houses and totem poles, for example on Haida Gwaii or Vancouver Island. On the great plains, buffalo (bison) and pronghorns were driven into corrals or over cliffs, for example at Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump, a UNESCO world heritage site in Alberta. Around the Great Lakes, walled farming communities like the one at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons mixed agriculture with hunting and gathering. Along the Atlantic coast, hunting and fishing predominated. In the Rocky Mountains and the vast Boreal forests of the subarctic, small nomadic groups relied on hunting and trapping and human populations were very small and scattered. In the Arctic, the Inuit people lived from caribou hunting on land and seal hunting on frozen sea ice.

The first confirmed European contact with Canada was just after 1000 CE: Vikings under Leif Erikson certainly reached Newfoundland and there are some controversial indications that they also sailed far up the St Lawrence and south along what is now the U.S. coast. The next confirmed group were the Portuguese who had fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast by the early 1500s. However, neither group built permanent settlements. The Viking attempt at a settlement, L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland was abandoned after a few years and only rediscovered in 1960. There are unconfirmed claims of several other European groups reaching Canada earlier, notably including the Irish Saint Brendan in the 6th century.

Early European explorers during the so-called "Age of Discovery" were looking for an ocean passage to Asia or for deposits of gold or silver that could be easily exploited, but found neither. They did, however, find resources that would draw many settlers in the coming centuries: fish, furs, forests, and land for farms. John Cabot, an Italian working for the English, seems to have reached Newfoundland in about 1497, but the records are neither clear nor complete. The French explorer Jacques Cartier landed on the Gaspé Peninsula in 1534 and claimed it for King Francis I of France. The English explorer Humphrey Gilbert landed at St. John's, Newfoundland and claimed it for Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1583 as the first English colony in North America.

The most significant of all these early settlements was Quebec City, founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608, as this later become the capital of the new capital of New France. From this base the French expanded until they controlled most of what is now eastern Canada. Most of what is now Atlantic Canada was called Acadia, while what is now Quebec and Ontario was called Canada. In these territories relatively few French settlers arrived, so French officials developed close alliances with the local indigenous peoples to resist encroachments from other European powers, notably in the Dutch in New Amsterdam. However, they fatefully stumbled into making enemies of the most powerful indigenous people in the region, the Haudenosaunee (who the French called the Iroquois) and subsequent spent a century embroiled in bloody conflict.

After the Dutch and Haudensaunee, the French also had to deal with England (later Great Britain) and the two powers fought numerous wars over Canada and Acadia. In the aftermath of one of these conflicts, the British governor expelled many of the French-speaking settlers from Acadia. Many of them went to Louisiana, settling in a region known as Acadiana. Some settlers later returned to the region, notably the Acadian Coast of New Brunswick, while for those who remained in the U.S. became the Cajuns, as the English language corrupted "Acadien" to "Cajun".

One of the critical turning points in Canadian (and world) history was the Seven Years' War: this ended New France and ushered in British rule across North America. The most important battlefield of that war in Canada is on the Plains of Abraham just outside the old city walls of Quebec City; it is now one of that city's main tourist attractions. At the end of that war in 1763, the French ceded most of their colonies in continental North America to the British, who agreed to permit the continued official usage of the French language and legal system in the ceded colonies. Consequently French continues to be the dominant language in Quebec province to this day.

For a short time it appeared that the former French lands would be integrated into the pre-existing British Thirteen Colonies, but the American Revolution was another key turning point. The American Revolutionaries invaded Canada in 1775, but instead of support from the French-speaking residents, they were resisted and ultimately turned back. After this point, the former French colonies ironically became strongholds for the British even as their original colonies began to break away.

After the American War of Independence, there was considerable migration to Canada by people who wanted to remain part of the British Empire, the United Empire Loyalists (or just Loyalists). With this influx of English-speaking settlers, new colonies where English law and language could be used were created from the former French territories, including New Brunswick in 1784 and Upper Canada (now Ontario) in 1791. This left only Lower Canada (now Quebec) with a French-speaking majority and using French law.

Some of the Loyalists were of African descent, many of them either former slaves who had been granted their freedom in exchange for service for the British or escapees from owners aligned with the U.S. government. Some of them or their descendants later moved to England or what is today Sierra Leone, but there are still Afro-Canadians who can trace their heritage to Black Loyalists.

The British and Americans fought a war in 1812–1815 in which invasions were launched across the U.S.-Canada border in both directions. Some of the hotter heads on both sides had quite ambitious goals – drive the British out of North America entirely and annex Canada into the U.S., or reverse the effects of the American Revolution a few decades earlier and bring the U.S. back into the Empire. Neither side got anywhere near achieving such goals, and both ideas were thoroughly discredited by the end of the war. Americans consider the war an American victory, since the U.S. maintained its independence, but because Canadians managed to fend off a large-scale U.S. annexation of Canadian territory, particularly on the valuable Niagara Peninsula, they herald it as a British-Canadian military victory. This was another major turning point in which Canada could easily have been absorbed by the United States, but was not.

Following the war, substantial waves of immigration came from the British Isles. These were often ex-soldiers, mostly Scots (see Prescott-Russell region of Ontario or Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia), and many Irish from the time of the Potato Famine onward (see especially Grosse Isle, Quebec). Still today many English-speaking Canadians have proud Celtic roots, examples of which can been seen at the Highland Village (Baile nan Gàidheal), Iona, Cape Breton Island or the Canada's Irish Festival in Miramichi, New Brunswick.

Canada received a small number of African slaves during the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1834, but would remain legal in much of the U.S. until 1865, after the end of the American Civil War. The 1850 introduction of the U.S. Fugitive Slave Act, a federal law which allowed black people to be abducted by slave-catchers and forcibly returned to slavery in the south – led to the establishment of an Underground Railroad of disparate routes leading north to freedom in Canada, mainly in the Niagara Peninsula region of Ontario and Halifax, Nova Scotia (see for example, the John Freeman Walls Historic Site in Lakeshore, Ontario). Descendants of Underground Railroad refugees and continue to live in Canada.

While the Great Lakes coasts and St. Lawrence valley were mostly filled with agricultural settlers by the mid-19th century, most of the rest of future Canada was still primarily inhabited by indigenous peoples. Their main interaction with Europeans and Euro-Canadians were through the fur trade. The Hudson's Bay Company and its rival the North West Company collected huge numbers of beaver pelts and other furs from the indigenous peoples in exchange for manufactured goods such as blankets, traps, knives, and pots. The two companies build hundred of lightly-fortified trading posts, grandly called "forts". There remain today hundreds of historic sites across Canada related to the fur trade (for example, the Fort George and Buckingham House site in Alberta, or the Fort St. James National Historic Site in British Columbia) .

The British established their first colony on the Pacific coast of Canada in 1849, when Vancouver Island was chartered with Fort Victoria as its capital. The colony of British Columbia was established in 1858, and the two were merged in 1866. These Pacific colonies started as fur trading outposts, but were quickly filled with English-speaking settlers with gold rush fever. This later repeated itself in the Yukon at the end of the 19th century, in the last great gold rush of the pre-war world.

The colonial provinces of Canada (split into Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick federated to form the self-governing Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867, celebrated each year as Canada Day with parades and fireworks. A huge territory called Rupert's Land — all the land whose rivers drain into Hudson Bay, much of Canada and parts of a few U.S. states — had already been granted by the British crown to the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670. In 1870, the newly formed dominion purchased this land, greatly expanding the federation. The purchase more than doubled the sizes of existing provinces Ontario and Quebec and led to the creation of several new provinces: Manitoba was created in 1870, and Saskatchewan and Alberta were created in 1905. Most of the other British colonies in continental North America eventually agreed to join the Canadian federation, with British Columbia joining in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873, and finally the former Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949. Canada's newest territory, Nunavut, was created in 1999 from part of the existing Northwest Territories.

Canada's independence from Britain was achieved in stages and over the course of nearly a century, and it maintains a close connection with the United Kingdom. The British Parliament's British North America Act in 1867 established the country and the British monarch is still King or Queen of Canada, with a Governor General representing him or her in the country. Until the 1960s all the Governors General were British noblemen; since then, they have all been Canadians. In 1931, changes were made making Canada mostly independent of the United Kingdom. In World War I, there were Canadian regiments in the British Army under British generals, but by World War II there was a separate Canadian Army with its own generals. Canadians and Newfoundlanders made significant contributions in both wars, best seen at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa and dozens of other military museums across the country. In 1982, the United Kingdom passed the Canada Act 1982, with Canada simultaneously passing the Constitution Act, 1982, ending any residual power the British Parliament may have had to pass laws for Canada. The Constitution Act, 1982 also importantly added a bill of rights to the Constitution of Canada known as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Canada's relationship with the U.S. is also complex. In general, the two nations are friendly and there is a great deal of trade and tourism in both directions. Many Canadians migrate to the U.S. for work opportunities – Hollywood has thousands – and some Americans come north. Following the Empire Loyalists during and after the American Revolution, there have been Underground Railroad passengers, draft dodgers during the Vietnam War, and others. The two countries have not been to war since 1814 and are proud to have "the world's longest undefended border", but there have been tensions and threats since that war. For example in the 1840s the slogan "Fifty-four-forty or fight" was used in American elections to claim about half of what is now British Columbia; ultimately the boundary was negotiated to 49 °N, several hundred miles to the south, and animosity towards Canada and the British played a marginal role in the jingoistic fervour. Canada and the U.S. have been allies in a number of wars, including both World Wars, Korea, the first Iraq War and the War on Terror. Canada stayed out of some American wars, including Vietnam and the second Iraq War.

Canadians sometimes cash in on events in the U.S. Canada's only involvement in the Civil War was selling supplies to the North, and Canada was the main source for smuggled booze during prohibition.

Canada and particularly Newfoundland also played an important role in the history of transatlantic aviation. Gander was one of the closest points in North America that was fog free most of the year where an airport could be built and it turned into a frequent refueling stop before planes gained enough range to cross the Atlantic nonstop. During the Cold War, defections sometimes happened during those refueling stops. While its European equivalent, Shannon, is still the second biggest airport in Ireland, Gander has since lost most of its importance but briefly came to the centre of the world's attention when after 9/11 countless flights that could not enter U.S. airspace were diverted there and the locals took in stranded visitors from all over the world giving a piece of positive news to report on a generally depressing newsday.

Canada is famously ethnically diverse; in 1967, Canada reformed its immigration system, removing the previous preferences for Europeans over others. Since that time, Canada has become one of the largest destination countries for immigration in world. While other countries attempt to cap or limit the number of new arrivals each year, Canada officially has a minimum target to add 1% to its population each year by immigration. This means that most present-day Canadians, especially in larger cities, are either foreign-born (nearly 1/4 nationally, much higher in Toronto or Vancouver) or the children of foreign-born. This tends to be a very popular policy, and while anti-immigrant sentiment certainly exists, it is decidedly in the minority.

Canada has a federal system of government, consisting of ten provinces and three territories.

Canada is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy in the British Westminster tradition. King Charles III of the United Kingdom is also King of Canada and the head of state, with an appointed governor general as his representative in Canada at the federal level and a lieutenant governor in each province. The roles of the King and his representatives are mostly ceremonial.

The Parliament of Canada is the national legislature. It consists of an elected House of Commons and the Senate, which is made up of senators appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. Elections of members to the House of Commons take place every four years, but can be held earlier if the House votes that it does not have confidence in the government, or if the Governor General otherwise calls for one on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet (also called the Government), which consists of the Prime Minister and other ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General, but must have the support of the House of Commons, and is therefore almost always the leader of the largest party in the Commons. Other ministers are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister from among the members of the House of Commons, and occasionally the Senate.

The judicial branch consists of the courts, and is headed by the Supreme Court of Canada, which has served as the highest court of appeal since taking over that role from the Judicial Committee of the UK Privy Council in 1949.

Each province has its own provincial government and legislature, based on the same system but without a senate. The premier serves as the head of the provincial government. The Constitution of Canada defines certain areas of provincial jurisdiction. For example, each province sets its own drinking age, minimum wage, sales tax, labour regulations, and administers its own roads, health care and education systems.

Quebec has twice had a referendum on the question of leaving Canada, the first time in 1980 with an almost 60-40 "no" vote and the second time in 1995 with an extremely narrow "no" vote of 50.58% to 49.42%. Quebec separatism is no longer a pressing issue, but it does come up from time to time, as do grumblings of other provinces — particularly the Western provinces and occasionally Atlantic Canada — about being left out or ignored by federal policy.

There are five parties in the federal Parliament (as of 2023): the centre-left Liberal Party, the centre-right to right-wing Conservative Party, the left-wing New Democratic Party, the Bloc Québécois, which is a regional party in favour of the independence of Quebec from Canada, and the environmentalist Green Party. While minority governments are somewhat common, coalition governments are almost unheard of. In 2015, the Liberals under Justin Trudeau (son of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, another Liberal prime minister) formed a majority government, and have won further victories in the 2019 and 2021 elections, although reduced to a minority government.

While Canada does not have an equivalent of the United States’ "red states" and "blue states", there are some marked preferences for particular parties by province that have been relatively stable. For example, the Conservative Party almost always wins a majority of votes and seats in the Prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The Atlantic provinces and Northern territories generally, but not always, lean toward the Liberal Party. Ontario and Quebec are the most competitive provinces, while British Columbia is often divided between all three major parties (those being the Conservatives, the New Democrats, and the Liberals).

Overall, Canadian politics are mostly pragmatic and moderate. Extremism has never been a prominent force, with far-left, far-right, and other radical parties having performed very poorly over the course of the country's history.

Domestically, Canada has displayed success in negotiating compromises among its own culturally and linguistically varied population, a difficult task considering that language, culture, and even history vary significantly throughout the country. In contrast to the United States' traditional image of itself as a melting pot (now falling out of use), Canada prefers to consider and define itself as a mosaic of cultures and peoples. Canadians are used to living and interacting with people of different ethnic backgrounds on a daily basis and will usually be quite friendly and understanding if approached in public. Canada's multiculturalism is most visible in Toronto and Vancouver, where about half the population was born outside Canada. The country is largely urban-based and is home to a diverse population (less so in rural areas). As is common with any neighbouring nations, there is some rivalry between Americans and Canadians, which may be more evident in Canada than the United States. Consequently, if you are obviously an American visitor, a minority of Canadians may make comments that could offend you. However, if you don't negatively compare Canada to the U.S. the worst you will probably hear are some good-natured jokes.

The Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming first proposed time zones for the entire world in 1876, and Canada, being a continental country, is covered coast to coast with several zones.

• UTC−8 Pacific Time (most of British Columbia)
• UTC−7 Mountain Time (Alberta, Northwest Territories, Yukon, portions of Nunavut, portions of British Columbia)
• UTC−6 Central Time (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, portions of northwestern Ontario, portions of Nunavut)
• UTC−5 Eastern Time (Ontario, most of Quebec, parts of Nunavut)
• UTC−4 Atlantic Time (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, most of Labrador and eastern Quebec)
• UTC−3.5 Newfoundland Time (Newfoundland and a few Labrador points on the Strait of Belle Isle)

Daylight saving time, when clocks are moved forward by one hour, is observed in most of the country (except Saskatchewan, Yukon, parts of northeastern British Columbia, and some small parts of eastern Quebec and northwestern Ontario) from 2AM on the second Sunday in March until 2AM on the first Sunday in November; during this time, for example, British Columbia uses GMT −7 while Alberta has GMT −6.

Anglophone Canada mostly uses the 12-hour clock system, but the 24-hour clock is generally used in francophone Canada. The 24-hour notation is also often used in English in such contexts as train and airline schedules, similar to the United Kingdom.

See also: Metric and Imperial equivalents

Canada's official measurement system is metric, but many Anglophone Canadians still use the imperial system for many things in colloquial usage. One of the most common holdovers from the imperial system is the use of feet and inches for measurement of short distances and heights, and especially the use of pounds for masses, even among younger Canadians and Francophones, though these measurements will be recorded in metric units on official documents. Supermarkets often display the fruit, vegetables and meat prices in both units, but the price metric unit will be more prominent (larger font, bolded and/or centred). Receipts however will only show the price in metric. In Quebec and other Francophone communities, Imperial units are referred to by their French names. Feet become pieds, inches become pouces and pounds become livres. Older Canadians might still use the term 'mile' when referring to informal distances. Fahrenheit temperatures are only used when referring to water in pools and hot tubs, and for oven temperatures. Air temperature, both inside and outside is almost exclusively reported in Celsius. All weather forecasts will be in °C, centimetres of snow, millimetres of rain and wind speed in km/h. Similarly, all road signs will use metric units, meaning that speed limits will be given in km/h and distances will be given in km, and fuel is sold in litres. "Gallons", "quarts", "pints" and "fluid ounces" in Canada are generally used to refer to the British and not the American versions of those units.

See also: Winter in North America

Trying to distill the climate of Canada into an easy-to-understand statement is impossible, given the vast area and diverse geography within the country, but "Frozen North" would be a reasonable first approximation. In most places, winters are harsh, on par with Russia. The most populated regions, southern Ontario and southern Quebec, have a less severe climate, similar to, but still a little cooler than, the bordering regions of the northeastern and midwestern United States. Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is just south of the Arctic Circle and remains very cold except for the months of July and August, when the July average maximum is only 12 °C (54 °F). On the other hand, the coastline of British Columbia is very mild for its latitude, remaining above freezing for most of the winter, yet it is not far away from some of the largest mountain glaciers on the continent.

Most of the large Canadian urban areas are within 200 km (120 mi) of Canada's border with the United States (Edmonton, Calgary, Halifax and St. John's being notable exceptions). Visitors to most cities will most likely not have to endure the weather that accompanies a trip to more remote northern or mountainous areas often pictured on postcards of Canada. Summers in the most populated parts of Canada are generally warm, but often aren't that long (typically lasting for the months of June, July, and August). Summer temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) are not unheard of in Southern Ontario, the southern Prairies and especially the southern Interior of BC, with Osoyoos being the hot-spot of Canada for average daily maximums. Toronto's climate is only slightly cooler than many of the larger cities in the northeastern United States, and summers in the southern parts of Ontario, Quebec (including Montreal) and Manitoba are often warm, sometimes even hot, and humid. In contrast, humidity is often low in the western interior during the summer, even during hot weather, and more cooling occurs at night. In the winter, eastern Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, is sometimes subject to inclement weather systems entering from the US, bringing snow, high wind, rain, and sleet.

Many inland cities, especially those in the Prairies, experience extreme temperature fluctuations, sometimes very rapidly. Owing to a dry climate (more arid west than east on the southern Prairies), bright sunshine hours are plentiful in the 2,300–2,600 annual hours range, though these areas are, in winter, the coldest significantly populated parts of Canada.

Winnipeg has warm-to-hot summers with bouts of aggressive humidity, yet experiences very cold winters where temperatures around −30 °C (−22 °F) are not uncommon. The official hottest temperature in Canada ever recorded was in interior BC, at 49.6 °C (121 °F), while the coldest was in Snag, Yukon −63 °C (−81 °F). Summer storms in the Prairies and the southernmost parts of Ontario can be violent and sometimes unleash strong damaging winds, hail, and rarely, tornadoes. On the west coast of British Columbia, Vancouver and Victoria are far more temperate and get very little snow, average low wind speeds and seldom experience temperatures below 0°C or above 27°C (32–80°F) but receive high rainfall amounts in winter, then in turn relatively (although not completely) dry, sunny, pleasant summers.

The average temperature is typically colder in Canada than in the US and Western Europe as a whole, so bring a warm jacket if visiting between October and April, and earlier and later than this if visiting hilly or mountainous terrain or Northern areas. For most of the country, daytime highs in the summer are generally well above 15 °C (60 °F), usually into the 20s °C (70s °F) range, and occasionally into the 30s °C (80s–90s °F).

Canada recognizes and celebrates the following national holidays (some provinces may have minor differences):

• New Year's Day — 1 January
• Family Day — 3rd Monday in February (not observed in all provinces, known as Louis Riel Day in Manitoba, Islander Day in PEI)
• Good Friday — Friday before Easter (a few provinces also recognize Easter Monday as a public holiday)
• Victoria Day — Last Monday in May before 25 May (known as Fêtes des Patriotes in Quebec)
• St. Jean Baptiste Day (Quebec) — 24 June (also known as Fête Nationale)
• Canada Day — 1 July
• Civic Holiday — first Monday in August (only applies in some provinces, under different names; not in Quebec)
• Labour Day — first Monday in September
• National Day for Truth and Reconciliation — 30 September (not observed in all provinces)
• Thanksgiving — Second Monday in October
• Remembrance Day — 11 November (bank holiday only)
• Christmas Day — 25 December
• Boxing Day — 26 December

Canada's Labour Day is not celebrated on 1 May, but on the first Monday in September. Labour Day is generally the last day of vacation for Canadian students before the start of the school year.

• Destination Canada

See also: English language varieties, French phrasebook, Inuktitut phrasebook

English and French are the only two official languages in Canada at the federal level, though many other languages are spoken among immigrants or Canada's native peoples. All communications and services provided by the federal government are required by law to be available in both official languages. However, individual provinces are free to decide which languages they wish to adopt as official languages at the provincial level, meaning that offices of the provincial governments may not necessarily offer services in both languages (e.g. British Columbia only offers services in English, while Quebec only offers services in French). Most Canadians are functionally monolingual, although some parts of the country have both English and French speakers. Over a quarter of Canadians are bilingual or multilingual. A majority of Montrealers and Gatinois, as well as about 40% of Ottawans, are at least conversationally bilingual. New Brunswick is officially bilingual as roughly one third of the province speak French as their first language, mostly in Northern New Brunswick.

English is the dominant language in all regions except Quebec, parts of New Brunswick and Nunavut, where French and Inuktitut are dominant and actively promoted as the main languages respectively. However, there are numerous francophone communities scattered around the country, such as:

• the national capital region around Ottawa, and various towns between Ottawa and Montréal
• some parts of eastern and northern Ontario,
• the city of Winnipeg (particularly St. Boniface) and areas to the south,
• the city of Whitehorse in Yukon
• the Bonnie Doon neighbourhood in Edmonton, and several surrounding communities,
• a few parts of the Acadian region of Atlantic Canada, scattered across Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island).

Likewise, there are anglophone communities in Quebec, such as the on-island western suburbs of Montreal. Most Francophones outside of Quebec are bilingual, as are most Anglophones living in Quebec.

Canadian English mostly uses British (Oxford) spellings ("colour" instead of "color") but U.S. vocabulary choices ("gas" instead of "petrol"). A few British terms not usually understood in the United States are widely used in Canada. Certain words, as well as the letter "z", follow British instead of American pronunciations, but the accents of Canadians and Americans are nonetheless quite similar. The standard Canadian accent differs from the standard American (Midwest) accent being smoother, less nasal and faster-paced (common phrases that are normally two words are pronounced as though there is no space between them). The most stereotypical feature of the Canadian accent is the pronunciation of the "ou" diphthong in words like "shout" and "about", which often sounds like "shoot" and "aboot" respectively to American ears. Canadian English also tends to have a stronger French influence than other varieties of English, and Canadians are also more likely than other English speakers to pronounce loan words from French according to their original French pronunciation.

Atlantic Canada has the greatest variety of regional accents in English-speaking North America, largely as a result of the isolated nature of the fishing communities along the Atlantic coastline prior to the advent of modern telecommunications and transportation. A visitor to the Atlantic provinces may have some difficulty understanding strong local accents rich in maritime slang and idiom, particularly in rural areas. From Ontario westward, the accent of English Canadians is more or less the same from one region to another and is akin to that spoken in northern U.S. border states.

English-speaking Canadians are generally not required to take French after their first year of high school, and thus most English-speaking Canadians outside Quebec cannot speak French unless they are closely related to someone who does, or have chosen to continue French studies out of personal or professional interest. Ottawa is an exception as French is needed in many civil service jobs. Education in other languages (such as Spanish, German, and Japanese) is offered, although only a small minority of students take these courses, and those that do rarely progress past the basics. As Canada is a popular destination for migrants from all over the world, you will often hear different languages being spoken in Canada's major cities, and you will often find neighbourhoods or suburbs whose primary language is that of their respective immigrant communities. Most immigrants learn English or French in addition to speaking their native tongue with family and friends. Depending on the demographics of the area, government offices may be able to offer services in the language of the relevant immigrant community.

In Quebec, one can usually get by with English in Montreal, Gatineau, the main tourist areas of Quebec City, and a few traditionally Anglophone rural areas such as the Lower North Shore, Chaleur Bay, and some areas along the U.S. border. However, elsewhere in the province, knowledge of French ranges from very useful to downright essential. Even if you're just passing through, it pays to know at least enough French to read road signs (this is especially true if you're planning to venture off the autoroutes onto country roads). It is useful to know at least a few basic French phrases even in the larger cities, where some attempt by travellers to communicate in French is often appreciated. The varieties of French spoken in Quebec and the Acadian regions differ in accent and vocabulary from each other and from European French. Some Franco-Europeans have difficulty understanding Canadian French. Nevertheless, all Francophone Canadians learn standard French in school, so they will generally be able to speak standard French if required.

There are also dozens of Indigenous languages spoken by many Indigenous Canadians. In Nunavut more than half the population speaks Inuktitut, a traditional language of the Inuit, as their native language. Nevertheless, most of these people speak English or French as well, so learning these languages is generally not a necessity to communicate, though it would certainly impress your hosts.

Two sign languages are predominant in Canada. American Sign Language, or ASL, is used in Anglophone Canada; Quebec Sign Language, or LSQ, is used in Francophone Canada. While the two are distinct languages, they share a degree of mutual intelligibility. Both are part of the French Sign Language family, and LSQ is believed to be a mix of French Sign Language and ASL.

Visa restrictions: Since February 29, 2024, all Mexican travellers must obtain a visa to visit Canada. If you have an eTA and do not have a valid work or study permit, your eTA is automatically cancelled. In addition, any eTA applications in progress will require you to either apply for a new eTA or a visitor visa. Mexican travellers can only apply for an eTA if they have held a Canadian Visitor visa in the past 10 years or hold a valid U.S. non-immigrant visa. If you are traveling with an eTA, it is advised to bring a printed and digital copy of your eTA conformation email and your old passport if it has an either an expired Canadian visitor visa or a valid U.S. non-immigrant visa. This does not apply to Mexican Citizens living in the United States as permanent residents as they are exempt from obtaining an eTA (however they must carry their Green Card). Dual Canadian-Mexican citizens are required to visit Canada with a valid Canadian passport. For more information, please visit this website.

Citizens of the following countries do not need a visa to visit Canada for a stay of (generally) up to six months, provided no work or study is undertaken and the traveller holds a passport valid for six months beyond their intended date of departure:

Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong Kong (BNO Passport or SAR Passport), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel (National Passport holders only), Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Poland, Portugal, Romania (biometric passports only), Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Spain, St. Helena, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, Taiwan (must be ordinary passport including ID card number), Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom (including British (Overseas) Citizens that are re-admissible to the United Kingdom), United States and Vatican City. For more information, see this page.

A visa exemption also applies to individuals holding nationalities that are not specified above if they are in possession of a US Green Card, or can provide other evidence of permanent residence in the United States. Persons who do not require a visa and who are entering for any reason other than tourism must have a letter of invitation from the individual, business, or organization that they are visiting (information about letters of invitation and what information they need to contain).

Foreigners entering Canada visa-free by plane are required to obtain an eTA (electronic Travel Authorization) in order to be allowed on the plane. The eTA is issued by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) and is similar to the US ESTA, but the fee is lower at $7 and is valid for a period of five years or until passport expiry. US citizens and permanent residents, and French citizens of Saint Pierre and Miquelon are exempt from this. The eTA is not required if you are entering by land or sea.

Brazilian citizens who hold a valid US nonimmigrant visa or who have held a Canadian visa within the last 10 years also can apply for an eTA, on the condition that they arrive by air. Brazilian citizens entering Canada across the US border or by sea or who have not applied for a Canadian visa in the past 10 years or a US nonimmigrant visa must also hold a valid Canadian visa.

If you live in Iran, you should apply for visa before you travel to Canada. Since Canada does not have an embassy in Iran, you should visit neighboring countries such as Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Armenia and Georgia to complete the Canadian visa process. Or you can send your Canadian visa application to a valid immigration lawyer or immigration agency in Iran.

Canada is quite strict about admitting anyone with a criminal record, and even people who would otherwise not need a visa may be denied entry or may need additional paperwork if they have a record, no matter how long ago or minor it may be. Even a drunk driving conviction counts, because that is considered a criminal offence under Canadian law. On the other hand, travellers are unlikely to be denied entry for some criminal convictions like adultery and being an LGBT member in the native country because they have no equivalent law that prohibit these activities in Canada. Anybody with a criminal record, including U.S. citizens, should contact a Canadian diplomatic mission for advice before making travel plans. See Traveling with a criminal history#Canada.

All others will be required to obtain a Temporary Resident Visa to enter the country. This can be done at the applicants' nearest Canadian Visa Office. Applicants are required to submit, as part of their application:

• A valid travel document (such as a passport)
• Two properly-formatted, passport-sized photos for all applicants
• The application fee (the fee per person is $75 for a single entry visa, $150 for a multiple entry visa or $400 for a family (multiple or single entry)
• Reservation confirmation (for tourists) or letter of invitation (for everybody else).
• Proof that you have enough money for your visit to Canada. The amount of money may vary, depending on the circumstances for your visit, how long you will stay and whether you will stay in a hotel, or with friends or relatives. You can get more information from the visa office.
• Other documents as required. These documents could be identification cards, proof of employment, or a proposed itinerary. Check the website of the visa office responsible for the country or region where you live for more information.

If you plan to make a side trip to the United States or St Pierre and Miquelon and do not travel outside their respective borders, you can use your single entry or expired visa re-enter Canada as do so within the initial period of stay granted to you by the immigration officer when you first entered Canada.

Working while in the country is forbidden without a work permit, although Canada does have several temporary work permits for youth from specific countries. See "Work" below.

Quebec has been given limited autonomy in the selection of immigrants by the federal government. While its immigration rules differ slightly from the rest of Canada, these rule differences do not affect short-term visitors (such as tourists and business travellers) who do not plan to work or immigrate.

United States citizens travelling by land (vehicle, rail, boat or foot) to Canada need only proof of citizenship and identification for short-term visits. In addition to a passport, a number of other documents may also be used to cross the border:

• United States Passport Card (issued by the Department of State)
• Enhanced Drivers License or Non-Driver Photo ID card (issued by Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Washington State)
• Enhanced Tribal ID Card
• Trusted Traveler Cards issued by the US Department of Homeland Security for the Canadian Border (NEXUS and FAST).

DHS issued cards for the Mexican Border (SENTRI) and for international air travellers (Global Entry) cannot be used to enter Canada, but they are acceptable to re-enter the United States and may be used in the dedicated NEXUS lanes into the US, where available.

American citizens can travel across the border with just a birth certificate, but if you try to re-enter the United States with your birth certificate, you will eventually be let in, but only after significant delays while U.S. Customs and Border Protection verifies the information on it with the issuing department. You may also be fined or prosecuted for non-compliance, although anything more than a written warning is unlikely for a first time violator.

Residents of Greenland, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon and some Caribbean nations are not required to present a passport if they can prove nationality and identity via some other means.

Residents of Greenland, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States also benefit from arrangements where applications for work and study permits can be made upon arrival in Canada at the Immigration Office at the port of entry without the need for an advance Temporary Resident Visa or advance application at a consulate. However, all the paperwork normally needed for such a permit has to be submitted at the port of entry as it would at a consulate, including a letter of introduction/invitation, the appropriate paperwork issued by the institution/employer, and the appropriate fees.

Canadian immigration no longer stamps the passports of most visitors; all entries are recorded electronically. If you need your passport stamped, you can request the immigration officer to do so when you enter Canada. There are no departure immigration checks in Canada.

See also: Avoiding travel through Canada

Canada requires entry formalities even if you are transferring between two international flights at the same airport. The exception to this is if you are connecting from another international flight to a U.S.-bound flight (but not vice versa) at an airport with U.S. border pre-clearance, and if the connection is made in the same terminal. If you are not eligible for a visa waiver to enter Canada, then in general you will need to apply for a free-of-charge transit visa to transit through Canada. While Canada's visa policy is in general somewhat more relaxed than the U.S., making it a popular route for people who wish to avoid transiting through the U.S., Canada's rules on criminal inadmissibility are very strict: if you have a criminal record, or even a drunk-driving conviction, it is likely that you will be refused immigration clearance to transit through Canada.

Canada has very strict biosecurity laws. All food items being brought into Canada must be declared to customs on arrival and inspected. Failure to declare any food items could lead to a hefty fine, even if the items are permitted.

Attempting to bring illicit drugs into Canada is a very serious offence which carries a heavy jail term with it. It is illegal to attempt to bring marijuana into Canada, even if you have a prescription and even though recreational use of cannabis is legal in Canada — see the government's Cannabis and International Travel page for details. If you want marijuana for use within Canada, it is legal to purchase from authorized suppliers across the country.

It is illegal to bring firearms and explosives across the border into Canada without declaring them, with proper paperwork, to customs. Anyone under 18 years of age cannot legally bring a firearm into Canada at all. For details, see the Canada Border Services Agency's Import and Export a Firearm or Weapon into Canada page for firearms and the Natural Resources Canada Importing, Exporting and Transporting-in-Transit pages for ammunition. Certain weapons, such as switchblade knives, butterfly knives, knuckle dusters and nunchucks are illegal, and it is not possible to get a permit for them.

Although there is no restriction on the amount of money that can be brought into or out of Canada, customs requires you to declare if you are carrying $10,000 (Canadian) or more, or its equivalent in foreign currency. Failure to declare could lead to prosecution and possible seizure of the cash.

If you are a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and travel to Canada frequently, consider applying for a NEXUS card. NEXUS allows pre-approved, low risk travellers to use expedited inspection lanes both into Canada and the United States at many land crossings with minimal questioning. You can also utilize kiosks to make your customs declaration and clear the border at major international airports if you opt for an iris scan. The application fee is $50 and requires being legally admissible to both nations, a thorough background investigation, credit check, fingerprinting and an interview with both U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Canada Border Services Agency.

Participants in other DHS trusted traveller programs such as Global Entry (expedited clearance at airports), SENTRI (expedited U.S.-Mexico border clearance) and FAST (for truck drivers) cannot utilize NEXUS lanes into Canada, although are allowed to use their Global Entry, SENTRI, or FAST card as a travel document denoting identity and citizenship. Additionally, these cards can be used in NEXUS lanes entering the United States.

If you are travelling to Canada from the U.S. and you are not a permanent resident of either country you need to be careful to satisfy the U.S. authorities on any subsequent trip that you have not exceeded their limits on stays in North America. Your time in Canada counts towards your maximum allowed United States stay if you are returning to the US prior to your departure from North America.

• If you are returning to the U.S. in this trip, you do not need to do anything more. You can re-enter the U.S. multiple times provided the total amount of time you have spent in North America does not exceed your maximum allowed stay in the U.S.
• If your default U.S. time is going to run out while you are in Canada, and you want to return to the U.S. direct from Canada, you need to apply for a U.S. visa with a longer time period (e.g. B-1/B-2, or a C-1 transit visa) before your first trip through the U.S.. For example, if you are going to stay in Canada for six months, and you transit through the U.S. on a visa waiver, then the U.S. will regard your six months in Canada as not allowing you to return to the U.S. without leaving North America first, as you have stayed more than 90 days in North America in total. In this scenario, you have not done anything wrong by visiting the U.S. and then staying in Canada for a long time, simply that the U.S. will not allow you to return directly from Canada; you have to reset their clock by leaving North America.
• If you are intending to leave North America entirely without returning to the U.S. on this trip, save any documentation to prove that you were outside the U.S. before your maximum allotted stay expired. This can include getting Canadian immigration to stamp your passport when you cross the border.

If you leave Canada to briefly visit the United States and wish to re-enter Canada, you may do so without getting a new Canadian visa, even if your visa is single-entry or has expired, so long as you return within the initial period authorized by the immigration officer, and you do not leave U.S. soil before returning to Canada (i.e., not even during a cruise which begins and ends at a U.S. point but crosses international waters in-between).

Canada's main international airports, in decreasing order of importance, are Toronto (YYZ ^IATA), Vancouver (YVR ^IATA) and Montreal (YUL ^IATA). Many other cities have international airports as well, with the following being of particular use to visitors: Calgary, Ottawa, Halifax, St. John's, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, Kelowna, Victoria and Quebec City.

Flag carrier Air Canada, ☏ +1 514-393-3333, toll-free: +1-888-247-2262. (updated Apr 2022) and Westjet, toll-free: +1-877-952-0100. (updated Apr 2022) are the country's primary national air carriers, covering the entire country and international destinations. Outside of the two full-service carriers, ultra low-cost carrier Flair Airlines, ☏ +1-833-711-2333. (updated Sep 2024), regional carrier Porter Airlines, ☏ +1-888-619-8622. (updated Sep 2024), and vacation-oriented airline Air Transat, ☏ +1-514-906-5111. (updated Sep 2024) offer scheduled international passenger services. There are also regional domestic airlines that serve specific regions, and charter airlines serving mainly international destinations.

With rare exceptions, Canadian three-letter IATA airport codes start with a "Y" and the corresponding ICAO codes are "CY".

Luggage allowance for flights to or from Canada usually operates on a piece-wise in addition to the weight system even for foreign carriers. This means that you are allowed a limited number of bags to check-in where each bag should not exceed certain linear dimensions (computed by adding the length, width and height of the bags). The exact restrictions on weight, linear dimension and number of baggage allowed are determined by the carrier you are flying with and the class of service you are travelling in, usually individual bags may be up to 23 kg (50 lb) if travelling in economy class.

If you are flying across the border from the United States, Air Canada and all U.S.-based carriers (e.g. Alaska, American, Delta, United) charge checked bag fees. Typically $25 for a single bag of up to 23 kg (50 pounds), and $35–50 for a second bag, unless you have elite status, are travelling in First or Business class, or qualify for a fee waiver (e.g. U.S. military personnel). If you are flying to the U.S. from a major airport, you will typically clear U.S. customs and immigration at the Canadian airport before departure; make sure you give yourself ample time to complete all these procedures

Canada has a land border accessible to travellers with only one country — the United States of America. There are two main Canada-U.S. land borders, Canada's southern border with the 48 contiguous states and another between Western Canada and Alaska. See the from the United States subsection for more information on what to do when leaving the U.S. Be sure to check the CBSA's website for border wait times — this way one can avoid excessive delays by simply not checking which crossing are busiest.

The same advice as applies at a land cross as at an airport customs check (see above). If your case is not straightforward, expect to be delayed, as the officials here (especially in more rural areas) see fewer non-U.S. travellers than at the airports. Also expect delays during holiday periods, as border crossings can become clogged with traffic.

After crossing the border into Canada, road signs change into metric units; distances are in kilometres and speed limits in km/h (kilometres per hour). One mile is 1.609 km so multiply what you see on the road signs by 5/8 to get its approximate equivalent in miles e.g. 40 km ≈ 25 miles and 100 km/h ≈ 62.5 mph. If you are driving a U.S.-model vehicle into Canada, the speedometer will usually have U.S. units on top or outward while metric units are below or inward. If only U.S. units are displayed, there may be a switch allowing you to change the speedometer to metric units; check your owner's manual to find where it is.

Drivers of U.S. registered vehicles in Canada are not required to carry a separate Canadian insurance document. It is your responsibility as the driver to ensure that your U.S. policy will cover you in Canada and meets the minimum coverage level of the provinces you'll be driving in. C$200,000 liability coverage is the standard requirement in all provinces apart from Nova Scotia which sets the minimum at C$500,000, by contrast, most U.S. states have statutory minimums of US$50,000 or less. Most American insurers will cover you fully in Canada although some require advanced notification and/or payment of an additional premium. Call your agent prior to any cross-border car trips to discuss requirements and procedures.

Crossing the border in a rental car is relatively straightforward with the large multinational companies, and they will usually permit you to pick up a rental car in the U.S. and drop it off in Canada and vice versa. Even if you are only planning to make a day trip to Canada without spending the night, be sure to inform your car rental company, as additional documentation will be required.

See also: Rail travel in Canada, Rail travel in the United States

Amtrak, ☏ +1-215-856-7924, toll-free: +1-800-872-7245. The United States of America's national train operator. (updated Mar 2022) Their trains are an inexpensive way to get into Canada, as tickets start from as low as US$43 return between Seattle and Vancouver, but take longer than driving yourself. Services between Canada and the United States:

• Adirondack between Montreal and New York City.
• Maple Leaf between Toronto and New York City via Niagara Falls. This route is jointly operated with VIA Rail Canada, Canada's national passenger train operator.
• Cascades between Vancouver and Seattle via Bellingham.

Important: If you're travelling cross-border on Amtrak services, you must have your tickets validated prior to boarding. Pick up your tickets from the window (not the Quick-Trak kiosk) and show your passport or travel document to the agent (your travel document information is sent ahead of time on a manifest to border services to facilitate crossing procedures). Some stations, such as New York City, have a dedicated window for international passengers. A simplified procedure applies to the Cascades line (Portland-Seattle-Vancouver). You can pick up your ticket from either the window or the kiosk, or even print it yourself at home, and the conductor validates it at a special "Canada bound" boarding lineup (Portland or Seattle) or upon boarding (other stations).

There are no direct passenger trains from the Midwest to Canada, but Amtrak operates trains from Chicago to Port Huron and Detroit on the Michigan-Ontario border, and you can transfer onto VIA Rail's services onward to Toronto after crossing the border into Sarnia and Windsor respectively.

White Pass and Yukon Route, ☏ +1-800-343-7373, [email protected]. A heritage tourist railway that operates out of Skagway, Alaska, and stops in Northern British Columbia on its way to Carcross, Yukon. Tickets can also include a bus transfer to continue to Whitehorse. Provides access to a trailhead of the Chilkoot Trail. Service operates from May to early October. (updated Aug 2022)

• Greyhound Lines, ☏ +1 214-849-8100, toll-free: +1-800-231-2222. From Seattle to Vancouver; New York City via Buffalo to Toronto; and Boston and New York City to Montreal. (updated Nov 2021)

Several cruise lines run cruises between the eastern United States and Halifax. There are also cruises between the western United States and Vancouver, the most popular of which are Alaska cruises. Most freight routes run to Montreal on the east coast and Vancouver on the west coast. International passengers will be required to pass through customs in their port of arrival.

• A passenger ferry operates between to Fortune in Newfoundland and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
• A ferry runs seasonally (May 1-end Oct) between Yarmouth and Portland.

• A truck ferry operates between Windsor and Detroit. It is primarily to carry dangerous goods prohibited on the Ambassador Bridge.
• A small car ferry operates from Pelee Island and Kingsville to Sandusky, Ohio when ice and weather allows.
• A small car ferry operates seasonally between Wolfe Island, Ontario (near Kingston) and Cape Vincent, NY.

• Alaska Marine Highway connects Prince Rupert with Alaska, including Ketchikan and Juneau.
• Washington State Ferries serves Sidney (near Victoria) from the San Juan islands and Anacortes (service to Sidney is suspended until at least 2030).
• Black Ball runs a car ferry to Victoria from Port Angeles; tourist-oriented passenger-only ferries run from Victoria to points in Washington.

Cruising on small craft is also an option to reach Canada from Saint Pierre and Miquelon or from US border towns on the Great Lakes, Saint Lawrence Seaway, New Brunswick's St. Clair River and on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The master of small craft arriving in Canada must contact Customs at +1-888-CANPASS (226-7277) before passengers disembark from the boat.

Canada is huge – the second largest country in the world by area after Russia; this means that you will need several days to appreciate even a part of the country. The distances involved will boggle many travellers, though perhaps not those from other large countries.

For comparison, the distance from St. John's, Newfoundland to Vancouver (over 5,000 km or 3,000 miles as the crow flies) is considerably more than that from London to Moscow, or from Delhi to Shanghai or Istanbul.

The span of Canada's population is actually very small, however: 90% of Canada's population resides within 160 km of the southern border with the United States, and 57% of Canadians reside south of the parallel on which Seattle resides. As such, getting around in Canada is almost completely restricted to the southern "Canadian corridor", and travelling to or getting around Northern Canada often requires flying.

The best way to get around the country is by air. Flag carrier Air Canada has by far the largest network and most frequent schedules, with its main competitor, WestJet offering an alternative to Air Canada. Because of protectionism policies favouring Canadian carriers and high taxes, fares tend to be more expensive than flying similar distances in the United States, Australia or China, and sometimes, transiting in the U.S. could be cheaper than a direct domestic flight.

However, in the early 2020s, ultra-low-cost carriers have gained popularity in Canada, so airlines such as Flair Airlines now offer comparatively cheap fares for no-frills services. Complaints — mainly cancelled flights and awful customer service — are rather frequent though.

Most major airports are served by public transit. This consists of trains and feeder buses running at peak frequencies ranging from five to fifteen minutes or less (Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Ottawa). Service may be spotty or non-existent late at night or on weekends if you are outside the major centres. To travel to the city centre/downtown, one or more connections are required in all cities except Vancouver, Montreal, Winnipeg and Ottawa, making a taxi or shuttle a better idea for large groups or those with a lot of luggage.

Domestic flights in Canada are generally similar to those in the U.S. in terms of service levels; airlines charge economy class passengers for meals and check-in baggage, and these are only included in the ticket price for business class passengers or frequent flyers with status on them or a partner airline, but you do get lounge access for domestic travel if you are flying business class, or have elite status with the airline.

Air courier travel is a dying phenomenon. It was once common to deliver urgent documents and parcels more quickly by using the checked baggage allocation of a passenger ticket on frequently-travelled routes (such as Paris to Montréal); as checked baggage must have a corresponding passenger, the seat would be offered with carry-on luggage only to a traveller at a reduced rate. With rare exception, any time advantage has been eliminated by airlines improving their cargo operations and by major parcel carriers (such as FedEx and UPS) moving the bulk of their cargo on their own aircraft.

Travel by intercity coach is available between most cities in Canada. They can be found under the applicable listing for the region or city. The timetables and fares of many Canadian intercity bus companies are included in busbud, which can help find a suitable ride.

Most routes do not operate overnight, coordination of routes between carriers should not be expected, multiple separate bookings with different bus operators may be required to reach longer distance or less popular destinations, and some destinations may not have daily service.

Prior to travelling between regions of Canada by bus, it would be prudent to:

• Understand what bus services are available, how much they cost, and when they operate.
• Understand what, if any, facilities will be available, if transferring between buses.
• Compare travel options including by plane. Despite Canada's reputation for high-priced airfare, flights between distant major cities are often less expensive than a bus.

See also: Driving in Canada, Canada without a car

Canada is a very car-dependent country, and many visitors rent a car. Many of Canada's famed natural attractions are only accessible by car. Although somewhat expensive if you are travelling alone, this can be economically reasonable if you are sharing the costs with others. However, there are many limitations and drawbacks on car rentals in Canada, including:

• There can be very high surcharges associated with dropping off the car at a different location than where it was picked up.
• Unlimited kilometres are usually offered for the province you rent it in only. As soon as you enter another province, even for a few kilometres, your entire trip gets limited (mostly to 200 km a day).
• Driving is usually permitted on paved roads only.
• There are no manual transmission rental cars available in Canada.

In some cases, frugal travellers may be able to "earn" budget automobile travel by delivering a car across Canada. The option is not common. Nor does it offer the opportunity to spend much time stopping along the way. However, it can be a cheap way to cross Canada while seeing the interior. Canada Drive Away and Hit the Road are options.

Throughout the mainland of North America including Canada, traffic moves on the right with most cars being left-hand-drive. The only areas of North America that do not drive on the right are on some Caribbean Islands.

The Trans-Canada Highway is a network of paved roads crossing the country from coast to coast. Most of it consists of four-lane divided highways or two-lane undivided highways, and it is only a freeway for relatively short stretches near the major cities. The road network is considerably less developed in northern Canada, and many communities in the north are not accessible by road at all.

Driving within Montreal, Vancouver or Toronto is not always practical; these cities are densely populated and parking can be difficult to find and/or expensive. All three cities provide extensive public transit, so it may be better to park in a central location, or at your hotel or lodging, then use public transit. You can usually obtain maps of the public transit systems at airports, subway kiosks, and train stations. Outside those cities, public transport tends to be unreliable or non-existent, so a car is almost essential just to get around at all.

Gasoline in November 2022 costs $1.60-2.00 per litre in most Canadian cities. Debit and credit cards without the "chip and PIN" are not recognized at the pumps, although most companies accept the cards if they are brought inside to the cashier.

In general, foreign visitors are allowed to drive using their foreign licence for up to 90 days if their licence is in English or French, after which they have to obtain a Canadian licence from the province or territory they are residing in. Foreign licences in other languages must be accompanied by an International Driving Permit (IDP). Most foreigners are required to take a written and practical test before they can get a Canadian licence, though individual provinces may have reciprocal agreements that exempt some foreigners from testing requirements; check with the relevant provincial government to be sure. Licensing laws and road rules vary slightly from province to province.

Many jurisdictions also have red light and speed cameras that issue fines via mail to the car's registered owner, again via licence plate when the car is automatically photographed running (disobeying) a red traffic light or going above the speed limit. The above warning regarding rental agency policies applies to these as well. As the ticket is sent to the vehicle owner (not the driver) long after the alleged offence, it is difficult or impossible to obtain due process or a fair trial, making these traps a lucrative source of revenue for local and provincial governments.

If you are set on a road trip, an alternative to car rental is to rent an RV (motorhome or campervan). This gives you the flexibility to explore Canada at your own pace and is ideal if your trip is geared around an appreciation of Canada's natural environment. Costs can also be lower than combining car rental with hotels.

See also: Rail travel in Canada, Across Canada by train, Rocky Mountaineer

Railways in Canada are considerably underdeveloped compared to most of the developed world. Passenger rail service in Canada is often an expensive, slow and inconvenient alternative to other types of transport. There are no high-speed trains in Canada, and delays are common, particularly on longer routes. It may still be faster and more convenient than inter-city buses on long distance routes, as most inter-city routes do not operate overnight and route schedules are generally not coordinated between the various bus operators. Government-owned VIA Rail is Canada's main long-distance rail operator, and provides service to most of Canada's major cities except Calgary. Nevertheless, if you have a lot of time and money, Canadian trains are safe, comfortable and can offer views of some of the world's most spectacular scenery. As of 2024, Hostelling International members are eligible at 10% discount from VIA Rail Canada.

However, in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor, passing through Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto, passenger rail is well-developed.

Outside of the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor there are single-day trains in Ontario and Quebec and four multi-day services outside of the Central provinces. The Canadian between Toronto and Vancouver is the most famous service, and VIA Rail's flagship train. This four-day ride passes through the splendour of the Canadian prairies and the Rocky Mountains, with domed observation cars to allow passengers to take in the magnificent views. The Ocean goes from Montreal to Halifax, passes through the Canadian Maritimes and provides excellent ocean views in its journey in Northern New Brunswick. It takes one day and one night. The Winnipeg–Churchill route takes two days and nights to travel to the shores of Hudson Bay and is the only passenger train service to Northern Canada. In British Columbia, The Skeena travels from Jasper to Prince Rupert over the course of two days and provides some of the best scenery aboard any VIA Rail Canada train. However, this train overnights in Prince George and a ticket does not include accommodation in the town.

There are also some passenger railways not operated by VIA Rail, mainly serving remote communities that are difficult to access by road. The Ontario Northland Railway, owned by the Ontario provincial government, runs the Polar Bear Express between Cochrane and Moosonee in the remote northern part of the province. It is the only train in Canada that offers motorail service (i.e. allowing your taking your car on the train with you). The Keewatin Railway Company is a First Nations-owned railway that travels between The Pas, an intermediate station on VIA Rail's Winnipeg–Churchill route, and Pukatawagan in northern Manitoba, serving remote First Nations communities along he way. Tshiuetin Rail Transportation is a First Nations-owned railway that serves northern Quebec and western Labrador, travelling between Sept-Îles and Schefferville.

Some tourist trains can also get you to your destination, but their focus is mostly on sightseeing, not transportation, and they are usually much more expensive than a plane, car or bus trip would be. The Rocky Mountaineer is the most well known and runs three routes out of Vancouver during the summer (late April to early October). The most popular and arguably most scenic of the Rocky Mountaineer's routes is the First Passage to the West from Vancouver to Banff along the historic Canadian Pacific Railway, taking two days to complete the journey with an overnight stop in Kamloops. However, tickets are very expensive and the service is exclusively oriented towards sightseeing tourists.

Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal are also served by commuter rail services carrying passengers from the suburbs and the nearby cities. Some stations may offer park and ride facilities, where you park your car at the station and take the train into the city. Be sure to check schedules, as some lines only operate in the peak direction during rush hour.

While you'll find various ferries crossing rivers around the country and scenic boat trips on lakes and rivers, the main ferry services are on the east and west coasts.

Marine Atlantic provides ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and Port-aux-Basques, Newfoundland. There are also ferries to the Îles-de-la-Madeleine, generally from Souris, and much less often from Montreal.

BC Ferries has an extensive network of services along the coast of British Columbia and to Vancouver Island and to outlying islands.

Canada can be a great place for hitchhiking, and is still done by younger travellers strapped for cash, or seeking adventure. It's most common in the far western provinces, although popularity is decreasing. Hitchhiking in the urban areas of Southern Ontario and Montréal is not a sure thing as many drivers will not pick up hitchhikers in these regions.

In heavily populated areas such as the Windsor-Quebec corridor, the main route used to be a road that went through every town as the main street. A freeway was built in the 1960s, leaving three options – hitchhike on the old road (slower, and more difficult as most of the remaining traffic is local), stand on the shoulder of the freeway (which is illegal, but not uncommon) or stand at the on-ramp and hope someone getting on at that crossroads is going your way. In less-populated areas (such as the vast stretches of Trans-Canada Highway across northern Ontario), the surface road remains the only highway, giving pedestrians (and hitchhikers) unfettered access at any point.

The small town of Wawa in Northern Ontario was famous in the 1960s and 70s as a place where westbound hitchhikers became stranded, sometimes for days. It might still be wise not to accept a ride that only goes to Wawa; look for one that goes through to Thunder Bay. More generally, look for lifts going to decent-sized towns rather than ones that will drop you in the middle of nowhere. This makes it easier to find your next lift, or food and lodging, and reduces risks of dangerous animals or being caught without shelter in nasty weather.

Hitchhiking in winter is best avoided (except as a last resort) as darkness falls early and drivers cannot see you easily in snowstorms or hazardous weather conditions.

As anywhere in the world, hitch-hiking carries risks.

Ride sharing is increasing in popularity among users of Internet website Craigslist and dedicated ridesharing sites such as Kangaride, Poparide and RideshareOnline. This method of transport works best between major centres, for example, Toronto-Montreal or Vancouver-Calgary. Generally anything along the Trans-Canada Highway corridor (Victoria, Vancouver, Banff, Canmore, Calgary, Regina, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste Marie, Sudbury, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, St Johns, Halifax, PEI) should be no problem if your dates are flexible.

Some tourist destinations, especially those popular with young people, can be accessed via rideshare, for example: Vancouver-Whistler or Calgary-Banff. People sharing a ride will usually be expected to pay for their fair share of the fuel cost, and may also be asked to do some of the driving on long hauls.

For best results be sure to post a request listing, and start checking for offer listings at least one week prior to your anticipated ride date. Backpacker's hostel notice boards are also a good resource for ride sharing.

Like hitchhiking, some common sense and discretion is advisable.

The Trans Canada Trail covers 27,000 km (as of 2020), stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and to the Arctic Ocean.

Canada is a nation with many places of interest all across the country. Each province and territory is unique with each one containing its own special attractions.

North American wildlife can be found all across the country.

British Columbia has much to offer ranging from Vancouver, one of the world's most cosmopolitan cities, to Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), an ecologist's paradise of pristine wilderness, and Vancouver Island. In the interior of the province, the towering Western Cordillera and Western Rocky Mountains provide stunning scenery and two of the famous Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site, Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park. South-Central British Columbia is famous for the Okanagan, nationally renowned for its year-round mild climate and fine wineries. Some of the best skiing and snowboarding in Canada is to be found all across British Columbia, both at established resorts or backcountry, with Whistler being the most famous. BC has the greatest number of provincial parks in the country, and many are visited by fewer than 1,000 a year.

The Canadian territories, though often expensive to reach, provide the natural tourist the least touched natural areas in the country. In Yukon, you have the majestic Northern Mountains, such as in Kluane National Park, and the relatively unknown Tombstone Territorial Park. While the Northwest Territories are relatively unknown to many adventurers, they are the real "fisherman's paradise", with thousands of untouched lakes loaded with big game fish, including the mighty sturgeon. The NWT also possesses highly esteemed national parks such as Nahanni National Park Reserve and the more remote Aulavik National Park, as well as the northern part of Wood Buffalo National Park. Nunavut has some of the most beautiful untouched Arctic land in the world, tucked away in hard to reach corners like Baffin Island and Ellesmere Island.

Alberta is one of the most geographically diverse provinces in all of Canada, with the world-famous Rocky Mountains in the west, the "greatest outdoor show on earth" in Calgary (the Calgary Stampede), West Edmonton Mall in Alberta's capital, the arid badlands near Drumheller, and the wild frontiers of Alberta's northern forests. Calgary and Edmonton are both world class cities and offer a wide array of museums and sights to see. Alberta is home to world famous Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, and possesses many provincial parks such as the provincial park in Kananaskis Country.

Saskatchewan and Manitoba are generally considered the "fly over" provinces of Canada with little to see. However, travellers to these two provinces will actually find quite a bit to see. Saskatchewan is notorious for how flat it is, however this can a surprising sight to those accustomed to seeing the farmlands of Ontario and Quebec because of the lack of trees and the abundance of grain elevators. Grasslands National Park remains one of the few untouched prairie landscapes and provides much to do within a weekend trip. Regina and Saskatoon are the two big cities and, although much smaller than Calgary or Toronto, provide all of the amenities common to any major city. Northern Saskatchewan remains largely untouched by people and has become a paddling and fishing destination for many from around the world. Manitoba's geography is similar to that of Saskatchewan, with a largely flat terrain and a sparsely populated northern boreal forest. Riding Mountain National Park provides visitors with stunning natural scenery and Wapusk National Park on the shores of Hudson Bay is the denning grounds for the majority of Canada's polar bear population. Winnipeg is the biggest city in Manitoba and offers many amenities of a major city. Being the first major city of Western Canada, Winnipeg is rich in history and a history tourist will find plenty to see in and around the city. Churchill is famous as a destination for nature photographers as polar bears are frequently seen in the town, so much so that the town has its own Polar Bear Patrol and made it illegal to lock your car and house doors in the case someone needs to flee an attacking polar bear. For fans of snakes, Manitoba possesses a natural secret in the Narcisse Snake Dens, recognized as the site with the greatest concentration of snakes on the face of the Earth. Every spring, red sided garter snakes make their way from their winter dens to this location to take part in a breeding frenzy.

Ontario and Quebec include the beaten-path Windsor-Quebec corridor through the country's two largest metropolises, Toronto and Montreal; both also contain huge rural expanses and many remote points where there simply is no road. As the national capital, Ottawa-Gatineau has an unparalleled array of museums. Quebec City (1608) and Montréal (1640) are famous for their old towns and architecture, with old Quebec City retaining original "walled city" fortifications of yesteryear.

Pioneer villages and historic sites in many provinces recall the everyday life of early colonists before the introduction of machine power. The memory of the United Empire Loyalist exodus and the War of 1812 lives on in many Ontario and New Brunswick border communities. Atlantic Canada has preserved much of its Acadian heritage.

The three Maritime provinces are a hidden gem to travellers to Canada as many visitors pass over the Maritimes towards the Mountains of the west. Nova Scotia treasures its maritime legacy with a famous lighthouse perched atop the rocky shoreline of Peggys Cove, historic shipyards at Lunenburg and a seaside fortress the size of a small colonial village at Louisbourg. In the north of the province is Cape Breton Island, which is home to the world famous Cabot Trail, and the scenic shores of Bras d'Or Lake. The sandy beaches of Prince Edward Island gain immediate recognition by literary travellers seeking the birthplace of Anne of Green Gables, and many are delighted to visit the Parks Canada Green Gables Historic Site where the site has been turned into a living replica of the famous story. Though referred to as the "drive thru province" because of the misheld belief that there is little to see, New Brunswick has some of the most beautiful natural scenery in the region. The Appalachian mountains in the North provide visitors with pristine wilderness scenery and the Fundy Shores, especially in Fundy National Park, showcase the highest tides in the world. The St. John River Valley provides those looking to take the scenic route with a royal treat, as one can drive the length of the river valley from Edmunston to St. John.

The coasts of Newfoundland are dotted with tiny fishing villages known as "outports" and four UNESCO World Heritage sites - Gros Morne National Park, Mistaken Point, the Anse-aux-Meadows Viking archaeological site on the Great Northern Peninsula and a Basque whaling camp at Red Bay, Labrador.

Because of its immense geography and history of immigration, Canada is home to numerous "ethnic enclaves" where various cultures continue to co-exist with Canada's predominant, European-derived culture. Not only that, but Canadians are typically quite proud to tell you about their genealogy, even if they are only "a quarter this and half that". It's not considered rude in Canada to refer to someone whose family has lived here for generations as "a Ukrainian" or "an Italian", so long as you don't imply they are not also fully Canadian.

This pride in distinctiveness most obviously refers to the mostly French-speaking province of Quebec, but even here there are smaller minorities within such as Jews and Italians in Montreal or English and Irish in pockets of rural Quebec, and so on. Further east another group of French-speakers, the Acadians, also have a distinct history and lifestyle along the Atlantic Coast. On that same coast is a strong Celtic influence, which is evident in the musical traditions of Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland and Labrador, notably in Newfoundland's Irish Loop. Besides the numerous immigrant neighbourhoods in uber-cosmopolitan Toronto, Ontario has many different flavours in its smaller cities: Finns are a major influence on Thunder Bay, Germans on Kitchener, and so on. Out West, it's the Icelanders, Mennonites and Ukrainians that left a mark in the countryside of Manitoba as well as Winnipeg. Speaking of Ukrainians, Alberta's Kalyna Country is a giant "eco-museum" dedicated to them. Chinatowns are numerous in Canada, but none are as historic as Vancouver's or Victoria's.

Indigenous cultures are still distinct, and have a complex and tragic history. Like their counterparts in the United States and Australia, the government had for much of Canadian history tried to exterminate the Indigenous cultures, notably including by forcibly taking children from their parents and placing them in boarding schools in an effort to assimilate them into mainstream white Canadian culture. Most Indigenous people have until recently lived in remote and isolated places, and in any case were prevented from travelling freely by the Canadian government until the 1940s and 1950s; consequently most Canadians had little contact with them. However in recent decades thousands of them have arrived in cities, often with little education, and with unresolved mental health and addiction problems. Therefore there have been ethnic tensions. A new well-educated Indigenous middle class is emerging that has brought Indigenous issues into the attention of the mainstream, and the Canadian government has been making some progress in addressing historical grievances of the Indigenous communities. These days there is a new spirit of "reconciliation" between Indigenous peoples and the state, but problems remain. These likely won't affect a traveller, but it certainly explains the relative lack of Indigenous-owned-or-operated businesses in the tourism industry here, despite the international appetite for "authentic experiences". Simply put, most Canadians have always avoided reserves the way white South Africans avoid townships or white Americans avoid the "hood": there are no attractions or accommodations on most reserves, and no one would want to risk building one. This picture is changing rapidly, however, as Indigenous governments are taking matters into their own hands and building museums, casinos, hotels, restaurants, and more. Examples would include Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park near Calgary, Wanuskewin Heritage Park near Saskatoon or the River Cree Hotel and Casino near Edmonton. In the meantime, however, often the best places to learn about Indigenous cultures and histories are at federal or provincial government-owned parks or museums, particularly the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria, the Museum of Canadian History in Gatineau (directly across the river from the Parliament in Ottawa), or Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump in southern Alberta. Of course the picture is much different in Northern Canada, where Indigenous people are a majority or sizable minority in all three territories; here much of the tourism is, in effect, Indigenous cultural tourism and the types of activities on offer will reflect that.

• Ice hockey — The national sport of Canada, where it is known as just "hockey", and perhaps the one unifying factor between English and French Canadians. The top professional league in the sport is the National Hockey League (NHL), which Canada shares with the United States. Seven of the 32 teams in the NHL are based in Canada, in the cities of Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver, and even though the last time a Canadian team won the NHL was in 1993, a considerable part (or even most) of the players in any given NHL team, including those based in the United States, are Canadians. The season finale is known as the Stanley Cup, which consists of a series of games played between the two finalists in May and June to determine the NHL champion.

In men's and women's international competition, Canadian teams usually do well; the men have won the gold medal at the Winter Olympics nine times. Women's hockey has won five times since 1998, and the rivalry with the United States is one of the most intense in any sport.

• Canadian football — Very similar to American football played south of the border, though with rule differences that are more than trivial, making them distinct codes. In Canada, the term "football" usually refers to either Canadian or American football, while association football is known as "soccer". The top tier professional tournament is the Canadian Football League (CFL), which has nine teams, with the season finale to decide the champion being the Grey Cup.
• Basketball — Canada has a long association with basketball; James Naismith, the sport's inventor, was a Canadian from Almonte, Ontario. One of the teams in the US-based National Basketball Association (NBA), the Toronto Raptors, is based in Canada.
• Baseball — Canada hosts one team in the US-based Major League Baseball (MLB), the Toronto Blue Jays.
• Lacrosse — Canada's national summer sport. The National Lacrosse League an indoor lacrosse league with 10 teams from the United States and 5 from Canada is the main professional league in the sport. Field lacrosse, the traditional form of the sport, is primarily played at the amateur level, with the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association being the premier tournament in the sport.
• Short track speed skating — Particularly popular in Quebec, which has produced numerous Olympic gold medallists in the sport.
• Soccer — As for association football, the sport is becoming increasingly popular in Canada's major cities. Canada's three largest cities (Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver) all have teams in the U.S.-based Major League Soccer, where those three teams compete with 25 more from the U.S.. In 2019, the country launched its own Canadian Premier League, which shares top-flight status within Canada with MLS. The CPL has eight teams, only two of which share their markets with MLS (the Vancouver and York Region teams). The Canadian men's national team underwent a meteoric rise in the early 2020s, topping the North American qualifying zone in qualifying for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and reaching the semi-finals of the 2024 Copa América. The women's national team is a global powerhouse, winning the gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
• Curling — A Scottish sport that involves sliding large granite stones across ice and getting it to rest as close to the target as possible, brought to Canada by Scottish immigrants. Today, Canada is the most successful country in the sport internationally, and is also the country with the most established domestic infrastructure in the sport. It hosts numerous professional tournaments, as well as the annual Canadian Curling Club Championships in which the best amateur curlers get a chance to represent their province against the other provinces, with Ontario sending two teams; one representing the north and one representing the south of the province.

Canada is a country with a rich cultural heritage. In Canada, festivals and events are held annually to celebrate the multicultural landscape of this great nation. Each festival represents a single cultural facet belonging to the diverse population of Canada. These festivals are easily identified by season.

In some parts of the country, April and May mark the beginning of Canadian music festival season. Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories celebrates spring with the Cariblues Festival, Halifax showcases chamber music with the Scotia Festival of Music and Ottawa highlights concerts, flowers and history at the Canadian Tulip Festival.

Canada is also renowned the world over for its theatre festivals such as the Stratford Festival in beautiful Stratford and the Shaw Festival in scenic Niagara-on-the-Lake, both of which begin at this time and continue through to the fall. There are also a number of children's festivals including the Calgary International Children's Festival and the annual Saskatchewan International Film Festival for Young People.

June 21 to July 1 marks 10 days of celebrations in Canada. The festivities begin on 21 June with National Aboriginal Day and celebrations across the country continue on 24 June with Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, in honour of the patron saint of French Canadians, on 27 June with Canadian Multiculturalism Day, and culminate with Canada Day with parties everywhere on 1 July.

In addition, there are many musical and cultural summer festivals taking place across the country. Here is just a taste: Yellowknife’s Summer Solstice Festival, Calgary’s Reggaefest, Windsor's International Freedom Festival (with Detroit), the Calgary Stampede, Winnipeg’s Folklorama, Toronto’s Caribana, Les Francofolies de Montreal, as well as Montreal's Jazz and Comedy festivals, New Brunswick’s Festival acadien de Caraquet, London's Rib-fest, Bayfest in Sarnia, the Jazz and Blues Festival in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and the Collingwood Elvis Festival in Collingwood, Ontario. Edmonton is also known as the "Festival City" due to the large number of festivals (such as North America's largest Fringe Theatre festival).

The autumn (fall) is traditionally a time for literary festivals and film festivals. Lovers of the written and spoken word may like the Trois-Rivières’ bilingual Festival International de la Poésie, Halifax’s Atlantic Canada Storytelling Festival, and Toronto’s International Festival of Authors. Film lovers can choose from the Toronto International Film Festival, the Vancouver International Film Festival, the Montreal World Film Festival, the Atlantic Film Festival, and St. John's International Women's Film Festival in Newfoundland, among many others.

Kitchener-Waterloo hosts the largest Oktoberfest celebration outside Bavaria. This nine-day festival features numerous cultural and entertainment activities. Many local venues are converted into Biergartens (Beer Gardens) and take on Germanic names for the duration of the festival. Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest attracts over 700,000 visitors annually.

Fall is also a time for families to enjoy the autumn splendour of nature in fall festivals or in simple activities where one enjoys the beautiful countryside.

Winter is the time when Canadians and their families take to the slopes and hit the ice at ski resorts and community hockey rinks across the country. Canada's world-famous winter festivals take place in late January and February including Carnaval de Québec in Quebec City and Winterlude/Bal de neige in Ottawa and Gatineau. There are also winter events that pay homage to Canada’s hardy pioneers such as the Festival du Voyageur in Winnipeg and the Yukon Sourdough Rendez-vous Festival set in Whitehorse.

In Calgary, the month of January is devoted to showcasing challenging national and international theatre, dance, and music in The High Performance Rodeo, one of Canada’s leading festivals of new and experimental theatre.

Especially popular in British Columbia and Alberta, winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding are practiced and enjoyed regularly during the winter. British Columbia and Alberta are home to many of the world's top ski resorts, including Whistler Blackcomb (a two-hour drive from Vancouver). Skiing in the Banff and Jasper National Parks (130 km from Calgary and 370 km from Edmonton, respectively) is also popular. Canadians love to go ice skating, and during the winter, park trails scattered across the country are flooded with water to let skaters take their sport outdoors.

See also: Legacy_retailers#Canada

Popular souvenirs from Canada include smoked salmon and maple syrup products.

Canada's currency is the Canadian dollar (symbol: $, ISO currency code: CAD), commonly referred to as a "buck" (slang), "loonie" (nickname for the $1 coin, now also a slang term for the currency), or in Canadian French, un piastre. The Canadian dollar is considered to be one of the world's major currencies, and is widely available at banks and money changers throughout the world. You can assume that any "$" sign you see while in Canada (and in this article) refers to Canadian dollars unless it includes other initials (e.g., "US$" for U.S. dollars).

One dollar consists of 100 cents (¢). Canadian coins are 5¢ (nickel), 10¢ (dime), 25¢ (quarter), $1 (loonie) and $2 (toonie). The 1¢ coin has been eliminated, but remains legal tender. The 50¢ coin is rarely encountered, but is also valid. The nickel, dime, and quarter are silver in colour; the loonie is gold-coloured, and the toonie is gold-coloured in the centre and silver-coloured on the outer part. The dime is the smallest; the others increase in size in order of denomination. Two sets of Canadian coins are in circulation, one featuring Her Late Majesty Elizabeth II and the other featuring Charles III. Canadian banknotes (or "bills") are made from a polymer material, and come in denominations of $5 (blue), $10 (purple), $20 (green), $50 (red) and $100 (brown). Old paper bills are no longer accepted by most businesses, but can be exchanged at any bank for free.

The nickel, dime, and quarter roughly match their U.S. counterparts in size, shape, and colour. American coins are often accepted at par in Canada (at least by humans; machines are more discriminating).

Because of the historical strength of the U.S. dollar compared to the Canadian dollar, goods have a higher dollar price in Canada than equivalent goods south of the border.

Tipping in Canada is similar to that in the United States due to the close cultural nature of the two countries but tends to be somewhat lower because of higher minimum wages. Restaurant wait staff in Canada typically receive 15–18% on the before-tax total. Tipping is not appropriate in cafeterias, fast food establishments and takeaway stands; one is not normally expected to tip hotel chambermaids. Once Canada's double-digit sales taxes and a tip are factored into the cost of a restaurant meal, the tab may often be 25–30% above the price indicated on the menu.

Some provinces (including Quebec and Ontario) allow employers to pay lower minimum wages to workers who would reasonably be expected to be receiving tips. As well, often a bar or restaurant will try to tack on a 15-18% tip themselves, so large groups and clients paying by credit card should check to see whether their bill already includes a "service charge" before giving twice.

Bargaining is extremely rare in ordinary retail shopping in Canada and attempts to talk a retail worker down in price will result in nothing (besides testing the employee's patience). This is rarely a problem, as most retailers in Canada price their items fairly and do not look to extort their customers due to the highly competitive market and well-off economy. For larger-ticket items, especially high-end electronics and vehicles, many employees work on commission, so bargaining is possible for these items, and sales-people may offer you a lower price than what is ticketed right from the start. Some large retail stores will offer you a discount if you can prove to them that one of their competitors is selling the same product for a lower price. However, in certain establishments such as flea markets, antique stores, and farmer's markets, you may be able to negotiate a lower price. Bargaining is possible in certain ethnic malls/stores. One notable example is Pacific Mall in Markham.

Some large retail chains (Wal-mart, and discount supermarket chains) will match the prices of their competitors if you provide proof of a lower price.

It is possible to convert between Canadian dollars and most major currencies at many banks at the daily market value. Converting U.S. dollars, UK pounds and euros is relatively easy, other currencies less so. Private exchange bureaus may give better exchange rates and lower fees than banks.

Most retailers in tourist destinations will accept American dollar bills at a posted exchange rate somewhat below the official rate (usually about 10-15 cents lower). U.S. and Canadian coins are similar in size, so they are used interchangeably. This is particularly true of regions that receive a lot of U.S. tourists.

Credit cards are widely accepted, with Visa and MasterCard being accepted in most places, and American Express somewhat less frequently. Discover and Diner's Club are usually accepted at places geared towards foreign tourists such as hotels and car rental agencies. UnionPay and JCB cards are sometimes accepted in larger stores and tourist areas. UnionPay is accepted at all places that accept Discover, and JCB is accepted at all places that accept American Express. Generally, using a credit card also gets you a better exchange rate since your bank will convert the currency automatically at the prevailing daily rate.

Bill totals are often quoted to you rounded to the nearest 5 cents because 1-cent coins are no longer in circulation, but the amount charged to your credit card will be the un-rounded amount.

The banking system is well developed, safe and technologically advanced. ATM usage in Canada is very high. There is a safe and widespread network of bank machines (ATMs) where you may be able to use your bank card to withdraw money directly from your account at home, but the fees involved can be more than for credit cards. If possible, try to use chartered bank ATM machines as the fees are often cheaper than the independent ATM machines.

All Canadian banking institutions are members of the Interac domestic financial transaction network. Most retailers, restaurants and bars allow purchases by ATM card through Interac, even if they do not accept major credit cards, and many Canadians rarely use cash at all, preferring electronic forms of payment.

Other ATM networks are widely (but not universally) supported. In general, institutions which issue Visa (RBC, TD, CIBC, Scotiabank, National Bank, Desjardins) honour PLUS ATM cards, while institutions which issue Mastercard (BMO, National Bank, many credit unions) honour that company's ATM cards (Cirrus or Maestro).

You will almost always pay more than the prices displayed because prices usually exclude sales taxes. So, don't get your loonie ready when you go to the cashier in a thrift shop, because the till roll may well show $1.13. With the cash price rounded to the nearest nickel ($0.05), now that the penny is no longer in circulation, you'll have to stump up $1.15 in cash!

Taxes will be added on top of the displayed price at the cashier. Exceptions, where the displayed price includes all applicable taxes, are motor vehicle fuels (the amount you pay is as it appears on the pump), parking fees, and vending machines.

A national Goods and Services Tax (GST) of 5% is applied to most items and services. In addition to the GST, most provinces charge an additional Provincial Sales Tax (PST) on purchases of goods. Ontario and the four Atlantic provinces (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) have joined or "harmonized" the PST and GST. In these provinces, instead of being charged two separate taxes on a purchase, consumers will see one tax called the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST). In Quebec, the PST is known as TVQ (taxe de vente du Québec) and the GST as TPS (taxe sur les produits et services).

While the GST and PST or HST are charged on most goods and services, some items are exempt from taxation. While this list can vary by province and tax, some common examples are: basic groceries (not prepared), prescription drugs, residential housing, medical and dental services, educational services and certain childcare services. The list of exempt items for GST/HST is typically shorter than that for PST in provinces where the provincial exemption list is separate.

The sales tax rates (as of 2024) are:

• Alberta, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon – no PST, GST only (5% total)
• British Columbia – adds 7% PST and 5% GST (total 12%)
• Manitoba – adds 8% PST and 5% GST (total 13%)
• Ontario – adds 13% to taxable purchases as HST (13% total)
• Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia – add 15% to taxable purchases as HST (15% total)
• Quebec – adds 9.975% to taxable purchases plus 5% GST (14.975% total)
• Saskatchewan – adds 5% to taxable purchases plus 5% GST (10% total)

Additional taxes have been placed on some goods (such as alcohol and gasoline) and vary by province; however, these taxes are usually included in the displayed price of the good. The displayed pump price for fuel includes all taxes.

In addition, some cities in Canada charge an additional city tax. Halifax, Nova Scotia, is a noted example that charges an additional 2% city tax on top of the HST, bringing the total sales tax in Halifax to 17%.

There is no program for visitors claim a rebate of sales taxes in Canada.

Generally speaking, table manners in Canada are in line with standard European norms.

English Canadians may be mystified if you ask where you can get Canadian food. English Canadian cuisine varies radically from region to region. Some specialties include maple syrup, Nanaimo bars (chocolate-topped no-bake squares with custard or vanilla butter filling and crumb base), butter tarts (tarts made with butter, sugar, and eggs), beaver tails (fried dough topped with icing sugar), fiddleheads (curled heads of young ferns), peameal bacon (a type of back bacon made from lean boneless pork loin, trimmed fine, wet cured, and rolled in cornmeal; eaten at breakfast with eggs or for lunch as a sandwich), and Halifax donairs (sliced beef meatloaf wrapped in pitas and garnished with onions, tomatoes, and a sweet condensed milk sauce). They are an important, if somewhat humble, part of the Canadian culinary landscape. In other respects, English Canadian cuisine is similar to that of the northern United States. Canadians may be unaware that they even have national dishes, especially in the more urbanized areas; that said, there is a rising trend among Canadian chefs and restaurateurs to offer locally produced ingredients, and most major cities have bistros that specialize in local and national cuisine. These specialties may even include game meat dishes, such as caribou, grouse, moose, venison, or wild turkey prepared in a variety of European styles.

French Canadian cuisine is distinctive and includes such specialties as tourtière, a meat pie dish that dates back to the founding of Quebec in the 1600s, cipaille (meat and vegetable pie), cretons (mince of pork drippings), ragoût de pattes (pigs' feet stew), plorine (pork pie), oreilles de Christ (fried larding bacon), poutine, a dish consisting of French fries, cheese curds and gravy (its popularity has spread across the country and can be found from coast to coast), croquignoles (home-made doughnuts cooked in shortening), tarte à la farlouche (pie made of raisins, flour and molasses), tarte au sucre (sugar pie), and numerous cheeses and maple syrup products. In Acadian regions, available dishes will differ, and include poulet tricot, and poutine râpée (a potato dumpling with meat inside). Staples include baked beans, peas and ham. French-Canadian cuisine also incorporates elements of the cuisines of English-speaking North America, and, unsurprisingly, France.

The Indigenous peoples of Canada have their own distinctive cuisines, though these have not caught on with the majority of Canadians due to the use of exotic ingredients (e.g., bannock, bison, deer, muktuk), and you will often have to travel to their respective areas in order to sample these. Nevertheless, Indigenous restaurants are also becoming more common in the cities.

One peculiar tradition that you may notice in nearly every small town is the Chinese-Canadian restaurant. A lot of the reason for this is the role Chinese immigration played historically in the early settlement of Canada, particularly in the building of the trans-continental railway. These establishments sell the usual fast-food Chinese cuisine. American visitors will find this cuisine familiar, as it developed in parallel with a virtually identical version in the States. In Toronto and Vancouver, two large centres of Chinese immigration, one can find authentic Chinese cuisine that rivals that of Hong Kong. In both cities, the original Chinatowns have been eclipsed by newer Chinatowns in the suburbs, and most ethnic Chinese residents will tell you that the best authentic Chinese food is in the suburbs and not in Chinatown; Richmond in the case of Vancouver, with the majority of its residents being of Chinese descent, and Richmond Hill and Markham in the case of Toronto.

Montreal is well known for its Central and Eastern European Jewish specialties, including local varieties of bagels and smoked meat. In the prairie provinces, you can find great Ukrainian food, such as borshch and varenyky, due to large numbers of Ukrainian immigrants.

If you are more adventurous, in the larger cities especially, you will find a great variety of ethnic tastes from all over Europe, Asia and elsewhere. You can find just about any taste and style of food in Canada, from a 20-oz T-Bone with all the trimmings to Japanese sushi (indeed, much of the salmon used in sushi in Japan comes from Canada).

Americans will find many of their types of cuisine and brands with subtle differences, and many products unique to Canada, such as brands of chocolate bars and the wide availability of authentic maple syrup. Familiar products sometimes have other names: In the candy aisle, Smarties are candy-coated chocolate buttons similar to M&Ms, and the sugar candy known to Americans as Smarties are called Rockets in Canada.

If you are looking for a grocery store, then Loblaws, Sobeys, and Metro are the biggest companies, but depending on the province, their stores may go by multiple different brands, none of which make reference to the parent company.

The drinking age in Canada varies from province to province. In Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec the age is 18, while in the rest of the provinces and territories it is 19. Acceptable forms of ID include a Canadian driver's licence, a passport or a non-driver provincial identification card. Foreign driver's licences may not be accepted, the main exceptions being U.S. licences, so bring your passport with you if you want to drink. A peculiarity of many Canadian provinces is that liquor and beer can only be sold in licensed stores. In some provinces, supermarkets may sell only beer and wine, and many will not sell alcohol at all. Supermarkets in some provinces may have their own liquor store nearby. Prices may seem high to Americans from certain states; bringing alcohol into Canada (up to 1L of hard liquor, 1.5L of wine, or a 24 pack of beer), is advisable. American cigarettes are also quite popular to bring in as they are not sold in Canada.

Canadian mass-market beers (e.g., Molson's, Labatt's) are generally a pale gold lager, with an alcohol content of 4% to 6%.

The mass-market beers are not very distinctive (although Americans will notice that some beers made by these companies are not sold in the States). However, Canadian beer drinkers do support local brewers. There has been a major increase in the number and the quality of beers from micro-breweries. Although many of these beers are only available near where they are produced, many mid-scale to top-end bars carry locally brewed beers. Many cities have brew pubs, which brew and serve their own beers, often with a full kitchen backing the bar. These spots offer a great chance to sample different beers and to enjoy food selected to complement the beers.

Halifax, Nova Scotia is home to the oldest continuously-brewed beer in North America, Alexander Keith's. Brewed at a facility on the city's waterfront since 1820, it is marketed as an India Pale Ale for historical reasons, but by modern standards is closer to a North American Blonde Ale, with low levels of hops (13 IBU). Brewery tours are available on a regular basis, featuring a history of the facility and of Mr. Keith himself (who actually served as the city's Mayor for a time), and complimentary samples for those of age.

See also: Wine Regions of Ontario

The two largest wine-producing regions in Canada are the Niagara Region in Ontario and the Okanagan in British Columbia. Other wine-producing areas include the shores of Lake Erie, Georgian Bay (Beaver River Valley) and Prince Edward County in Ontario, and the Similkameen valley, southern Fraser River valley, southern Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands in British Columbia. There are also small scale productions of wine in southern Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan.

Ice wine, a (very) sweet dessert wine made from frozen grapes is a Canadian specialty, in particular found at airport duty-free stores around the world. In contrast to most other wine-producing regions in the world, Canada, particularly the Niagara Region, consistently undergoes freezing in winter and has become the world's largest ice wine producer. However, due to the tiny yields (5-10% compared to normal wine), it's relatively expensive, with half-bottles (375 mL/13 fl oz) starting at $50. Canadian ice wine is somewhat sweeter than German varieties.

Canada is famous in other countries for its distinctive rye whiskey, a beverage commonly appreciated by Canadians. Popular brands include Canadian Club, Wisers, and Crown Royal. In addition to the plentiful selection of inexpensive blended ryes, you may find it worth exploring the premium blended and unblended ryes available at most liquor stores. One of the most-recognized unblended ryes is Alberta Premium, which has been recognized as the "Canadian Whiskey of the Year" by famed whiskey writer Jim Murray.

Canada also makes a small number of distinctive liqueurs. One of the most well-known, and a fine beverage for winter drinking, is Yukon Jack, a whiskey-based liqueur with citrus overtones. It's the Canadian equivalent of the USA's Southern Comfort, which has a similar flavour but is based on corn whiskey (bourbon) rather than rye.

Cape Breton Island is home to North America's first (and Canada's only) single malt whiskey. Nova Scotia has a long involvement with rum and rum-running, due to its historical naval prominence, proximity to America during Prohibition, and large quantities of high-quality local molasses production. Several local distillers offer on-site tastings, and local liquor stores offer a wide variety at a wide range of prices.

Newfoundland's "screech" is the only liquor that can legally be sold in Canada at strength above 100 proof. It is Jamaican rum that Newfoundland had been importing for centuries before they joined Canada in 1949, and an exception to the potency limit was made for it.

You can find most nonalcoholic beverages you would find in any other country. Carbonated beverages (referred to as "pop", "soda" and "soft drinks" in different regions) are very popular. Coffee is a very popular beverage in Canada, usually drunk with breakfast or through the morning. Tim Hortons is the most ubiquitous and popular coffee shop in the country. Starbucks is also quite popular in most mid and large-sized cities. Other national chains such as Second Cup, Timothy's, mmmuffins, Country Style, and Coffee Time are found all over Canada. Tea is available in most coffee shops, with most shops carrying at least half a dozen varieties (black, green, mint, etc.)

Accommodations in Canada vary substantially in price depending on time and place. In most cities and many tourist areas, expect to pay upwards of $100 or more for a good hotel room. If inquiring always ask if taxes are included; they most often are not, and can often add 15% to the cost once local, provincial and federal levies are taken into account.

Hotels play an integral part in Canadian history, with some of the country's most well-known landmarks being hotels. The Canadian Railway Hotels are a series of grand hotels that were constructed in major cities and some resort areas in the early 1900s. See Grand_old_hotels#Canada. Most of these are still standing and owned by corporations such as Fairmont Hotels & Resorts. Prices range from $150–400 a night depending on the city and the size of the room. These hotels are architecturally stunning and sumptuously decorated, and in addition to being exceptional places to stay, are tourist attractions in their own right. Even if you are not staying in a Grand Railway hotel, it would be more than worthwhile to explore the main lobby or dine at the hotel restaurant.

In rural areas, motels (short for "motor hotel") are small, simple hotels where you might pay as little as $40–60 for a night's accommodation (especially in the offseason). These are diminishing in number as international chains have largely saturated the low-end of the market with economy, limited service hotels along major freeways. Most villages have B&B (bed and breakfast), people's homes with suites for guests which are as distinctive in personality as their owners. Prices vary widely – anywhere from $45 a night to $140 a night – including a breakfast of some kind in the morning. Try bbcanada.com for listings.

Other options include cottage rentals on the lakes and in the countryside and apartment rentals in the cities. Prices compare to hotels and motels and this type of lodging provides some comfort of home while you are travelling.

Youth hostels are a good choice, offering lodging in shared dorms ($20–40) or private rooms ($45–80). Some useful resources are Hostelling International Canada and SameSun Backpacker Lodge. Most hostels in Canada meet very high standards.

Some universities will rent their dormitory ( more commonly called "residence" or "res") rooms in the academic off-season - May-August. Check university websites for more information.

A few hunting or fishing outfitters rent cabins or lodges, primitive rooms which provide access to some out of the way, off the grid lakeside rural location.

Finally, there is a large number of campgrounds in Canada. These range from privately owned R.V. parks to the publicly operated campgrounds in national and provincial parks, and are almost always well-kept and generally very beautiful. Almost every town and city will have at least one campground but, given Canada's climate, these operations are inherently seasonal.

Houseboats are available to rent on some scenic rural lakes and rivers in the summer months.

See also: Studying abroad#Canada

All foreigners require a study permit to study in Canada, in addition to any necessary visas. Enrolling in an academic programme on a tourist visa is illegal. There are exceptions to this rule for short-term (total course length less than six months) students and minors who are present in Canada with a parent who is authorised to study or work.

As a bilingual country, Canada has both English and French-language universities (and a few bilingual universities such as the University of Ottawa) which, while not as famous as those of its southern neighbour, are generally well-regarded and draw students from far and wide. Some of these universities also conduct intensive language courses for foreigners who wish to improve their English or French.

Canada is generally a good place to work. The minimum wage varies by province, from $10.85/hour in Nova Scotia to $16.75/hour in British Columbia. As with most of the developed world, the economy is shifting from one dominated by manufacturing to one dominated by services. Thus, factory and manufacturing work is becoming scarcer every year and is highly sought, with most factories requiring a high school education or trade certificate. Minimum wage jobs are becoming more common every year, however with the housing market booming there is still a fair number of good construction jobs to be had. Hiring practices are similar to those in the US.

Foreigners, including United States citizens, wishing to work in Canada are required to obtain a work permit in order to do so, unless they are already permanent residents of Canada. International students may work part-time for up to 20 hours per week on-campus, and those enrolled in Canadian degree programmes may work part-time off-campus provided it is stipulated in their visa. Under the vast majority of circumstances, it is illegal for foreigners to work in Canada on a tourist visa, and doing so will result in you being deported and banned from re-entering. However, there are certain things the Canadian government does not legally consider "work" for this purpose, the biggest being remote work, when done for a non-Canadian employer and paid into a non-Canadian bank account.

However, United States and Mexican citizens working in certain skilled professions are able to obtain a work permit on arrival. Check with an immigration consultant to see if your potential job falls under the USMCA agreement's "professional" category and to ensure that your documentation is in order for when you arrive. Be prepared for the process to take extra time as you are essentially doing the full work permit application process at the border checkpoint. This can become a problem if crossing by bus; notify the driver in advance that you are applying for a work permit on arrival so that they will either wait for you at the border checkpoint or make arrangements for you to be picked up by another bus coming later.

Canadian visa rules include a category for people who can be self-employed in Canada. Artists, musicians and athletes or coaches who are "able to make a significant contribution to the cultural or athletic life of Canada" are eligible, but the bar is set rather high for them; for example, a coach with considerable experience of Olympic or professional sports will probably qualify but other experience may not count. Experienced farmers who want to buy and run a farm in Canada are also considered in this category and the bar is lower; if you have a decent business plan and enough money to get it started then you are quite likely to be admitted (or if you are a US farmer who owns land along the border, working both sides is another case that the Canadian government does not consider "work" for visa purposes).

Once you have been given work authorization, you will need to obtain a Social Insurance Number (SIN) so your employer can report your wages to the government for tax purposes. Income tax in Canada is levied both at the federal and provincial levels, though with the exception of Quebec, the federal government collects income tax on behalf of the provinces, meaning that you do not have to file separate tax returns. Those who are based in Quebec will be required to file their federal and provincial tax returns separately.

A Working Holiday Visa (also referred to as an "International Experience Canada / Working Holiday Visa") enables young citizens from certain countries to spend 1 or 2 years in Canada and to legally gain employment while in the country. The eligibility and length of stay rules vary by nationality. The standard rule used to be that a 1-year stay would be issued to nationals of participating countries who were between 18–30 years of age, however some countries (Australia) now get a two-year visa, and applicants from some other countries can now apply up to age 35. Some countries' nationals (i.e. citizens of Mexico) need to be post-secondary students at the time the application is made.

The full official list of participating countries and their associated eligibility requirements is available on the Government of Canada's website for this program. As of June 2018 Canada had working holiday agreements with the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong SAR, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, Ukraine, and United Kingdom.

There are also "Young Professionals" and "International Co-op Internship" visas available to students who already have a job offer in Canada. Citizens of some countries listed above do not qualify for one or both of these visas, although citizens of Switzerland (who do not qualify for a "Working Holiday" visa) may qualify for both.

United States citizens can also participate in a Working Holiday program without requiring a Temporary Resident Visa prior to entry. While the previous time limit of six months has been extended to 1 year as for most other participating countries and the requirement that they must be a post-secondary student are no longer present, they must apply through a third party like BUNAC, which will charge an additional US$300-500 for the privilege. United States citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 are able to obtain two one-year work permits this way, but upon the expiration of the first, must return to the United States first and apply for the second from there.

Safety in Canada is not usually a problem, and some basic common sense will go a long way. Even in the largest cities, violent crime is not a serious problem, and very few people are ever armed. Violent crime needn't worry the average traveller, as it is generally confined to particular neighbourhoods and is rarely a random crime. Overall crime rates in Canadian cities remain low compared to most similar sized urban areas in the United States and much of the rest of the world (though violent crime rates are higher than most western European cities). Crime is higher overall in western provinces than in Eastern Canada, but is even higher in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. There have been several high-profile shootings in public/tourist areas; the fact these incidents are so heavily covered by the media is related to the fact that they are considered very rare events.

If you travel near the Canadian-U.S. border, make sure that you do not accidentally enter the United States in a place where the border is not clearly marked. If you do, you could be subject to lengthy interrogation and possible jail time.

Police in Canada are usually hardworking, honest, and trustworthy individuals. If you ever encounter any problems during your stay, even if it's as simple as being lost, approaching a police officer is a good idea.

There are three main types of police forces in Canada: federal, provincial and municipal. The federal police force is the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or "Mounties"), with a widespread presence in all parts of the country other than Quebec, Ontario, and Newfoundland & Labrador, which maintain their own provincial police forces. These are the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP), the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) and the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary. All the other provinces and territories (and some rural portions of Newfoundland as well as Labrador) contract their provincial duties to the RCMP.

In their capacity as a federal police force, RCMP officers typically wear regular police uniforms and drive police cruisers while performing their duties. However, a minority of RCMP officers may appear in their iconic red dress uniform in tourist areas, and for official functions such as parades. Some RCMP officers participate in elaborate ceremonies such as the Musical Ride horse show. While wearing their full dress uniform, their main function is to promote the image of Canada and Canadian Mounties. RCMP officers in full dress are generally not tasked with investigating crime or enforcing the law, although they are still police officers and can perform arrests. In some tourist regions, such as Ottawa, both types of RCMP officers are commonly encountered. This dual-role and dual-appearance of the RCMP, both as federal police, and as a tourist attraction, may create confusion among tourists as to the function of the RCMP. All RCMP officers are police officers, and have a duty to enforce the law.

Larger cities, towns and regions often have their own police forces, with the Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal forces being three of the largest. Some cities also have special transit police who have full police powers. Some quasi-government agencies, such as universities and power utilities also employ private special police. The Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway each have their own police force. Some First Nations reserves also have their own police force. Canadian Forces Military Police can be found at military bases and other defence-related government facilities.

All three types of police forces can enforce any type of law, be it federal, provincial or municipal. Their jurisdiction overlaps, with the RCMP being able to arrest anywhere in Canada, the OPP and municipal police officers being able to arrest anywhere within their own province. Powers of arrest for Federal, Provincial and municipal police agencies in Canada exist for officers both on, and off duty.

In the national capital region of Ottawa-Gatineau, one can encounter more police jurisdictions than in any other part of Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (both regular uniformed and full dress), the Ontario Provincial Police, the Ottawa police, the Sûreté du Québec, the Gatineau Police, Military Police, and OC Transpo Special Constables, all operate in the region, each with a different style of uniform and police cruiser.

Do not under any circumstances offer a bribe to a police officer, as this is a crime, and they will enforce laws against it.

If you are unfortunate enough to get your purse or wallet snatched, the local police will do whatever they can to help. Often, important identification is retrieved after thefts of this sort. In large cities, parked cars are sometimes targeted for opportunistic smash-and-grab thefts, so try to avoid leaving any possessions in open view. Due to the high incidence of such crimes, motorists in Montreal and some other jurisdictions can be fined for leaving their car doors unlocked or for leaving valuables in view. Take a picture of your licence plate and check that your plates are still in place before you go somewhere as some thieves will steal plates to avoid getting pulled over. Auto theft in Montreal, including theft of motor homes and recreational vehicles, may occur in patrolled and overtly secure parking lots and decks. Bike theft can be a common nuisance in metropolitan areas.

See also: Cold weather

Canada is very prone to winter storms (including ice storms and blizzards) from November through March. In Eastern Canada, they are the most likely, but the occasional small one will pop up west of Northwest Ontario; usually there it is wind-whipped snow that is the main hazard. Reduce speed, be conscious of other drivers, and pay attention. It's best to carry an emergency kit, in case you have no choice but to spend the night stuck in snow on the highway (yes, this does happen occasionally, especially in more isolated areas). If you are unfamiliar with winter driving and choose to visit Canada during the winter months, consider using another mode of transportation to travel within the country. While the vast majority of winter weather occurs during the winter months, some parts of Canada such as the Prairies, Labrador, Northern Canada, and mountain regions may experience severe, if brief, winter-like conditions at any time during the year.

If you are touring on foot, it is best to bundle up as much as possible in layers with heavy socks, thermal underwear and gloves; winter storms can bring with them extreme winds alongside frigid temperatures and frostbite can occur in a matter of minutes.

Canadians have no constitutional rights relating to gun ownership. Possession, purchase, and use of any firearms requires proper licences for the weapons and the user, and is subject to federal laws. Firearms are classed (mainly based on barrel length) as non-restricted (subject to the least amount of training and licensing), restricted (more licensing and training required) and prohibited (not legally available). Most single-shot rifles and shotguns are non-restricted, as they are used extensively for hunting, on farms, or for protection in remote areas. Most handguns are prohibited, except for those used in international pistol shooting competitions, which are restricted instead. Semi-automatic assault rifles are prohibited.

Generally the only people who carry handguns are police, Border Services Officers, Wildlife Officers in most provinces, private security guards who transport money, people who work in remote "wilderness" areas who are properly licensed, and sport shooters who specialize in pistol shooting.

As a general rule, you are not allowed to carry guns for self-defence in Canada. It is possible to import non-prohibited firearms such as most types of rifle and shotgun for sporting purposes like target shooting and hunting, and non-prohibited pistols for target shooting may also be imported with the correct paperwork.

All firearms must be declared to customs on entry into Canada, even if non-restricted, and failing to do so is a criminal offence punishable by fines and imprisonment. Prohibited firearms will be seized at customs and destroyed. Air soft guns that are replica firearms are prohibited. Travellers should check with the Canadian Firearms Program and the Canada Border Services Agency before importing firearms of any type before arrival.

Switchblades, butterfly knives, spring loaded blades and any other knife that opens automatically are classified as prohibited and are illegal in Canada, as are nunchucks, tasers and other electric stun guns, most devices concealing knives, such as belt buckle knives and knife combs, and articles of clothing or jewellery designed to be used as weapons. Mace and pepper spray are also illegal unless sold specifically for use against animals.

	Note: Under no circumstances should you attempt to bring any amount of any controlled substance into or out of Canada. This includes marijuana, even though it is legal to use marijuana in Canada. It is also illegal to take marijuana from Canada to any U.S. state where marijuana is legal and vice versa, including bordering states such as Alaska, Washington, and Vermont. The only exception is if you have a prescription "authorized by Health Canada" for medical use, and even then you must declare the possession of cannabis at the border. Penalties in Canada for drug smuggling (into or out of the country) can be severe, with life sentences possible. Canada
	(Information last updated 22 Nov 2023)

Marijuana use is legal in Canada since October 17, 2018, and every adult is allowed to possess up to 30 grams (1 ounce) of dried marijuana at a time. Each province has licensed some retail stores to carry cannabis products or has provided them for order over the internet. It remains illegal to buy cannabis from anyone other than a licensed shop; the punishment is theoretically jail time and although it is rarely prosecuted it could easily get a foreigner deported. For advice on where to get legal weed in Canada, see the Wikivoyage guide of the province or cities you will be visiting. Cities also generally have "smoking bylaws" that restrict where one can legally smoke tobacco and these also apply to marijuana. The punishment for breaking these bylaws is generally a large fine, but not jail time. Private businesses are also allowed to prohibit smoking on their property, and many hotels would not take kindly to the smell of weed in their rooms. The law on providing marijuana to minors remains extremely strict, and would certainly result in deportation or jail time if convicted.

Driving while impaired by drugs (including marijuana and even legal "drowsy" drugs) is a criminal code offence and is treated in the same way as driving under the influence of alcohol, with severe penalties. Do not attempt to drive while high; visitors can expect to be deported after serving jail time or paying very large fines.

Khat is illegal in Canada, and will get you arrested and deported if you try to pack it in your luggage and get caught by customs.

Canadians take drunk driving very seriously, and it is a social taboo in most circles to drink and drive. Driving while under the influence of alcohol or marijuana is only a misdemeanor in some places, but in Canada it is a felony.

If you "blow over" the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) on a roadside Breathalyzer machine test, you will be arrested and spend at least a few hours in jail. 80 mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood (0.08%) is the legal limit for a criminal conviction. Many jurisdictions call for fines, licence suspension and vehicle impoundment at (0.04%), or if the officer reasonably believes you are too intoxicated to drive. While having a BAC of 0.03% when tested at a police checkpoint will not result in arrest, having the same BAC after being pulled over for driving erratically, or after getting involved in an accident, may result in being charged with driving under the influence (DUI).

Being convicted for DUI will almost certainly mean deportation, a criminal record and you being barred from re-entering Canada for at least 5 years. There may also be jail time and/or a hefty fine, particularly for repeat offences.

Those crossing the land border into Canada from the USA while driving under the influence will get arrested by the Border Services Officers. People with a drunk driving conviction may also be denied entry to Canada as undesirable criminals; see Traveling with a criminal_history#Canada.

Refusing a breathalyzer test is also a Criminal Code offence, and will result in the same penalties as if you had blown over. If a police officer demands that you supply a breath sample, your best option is to take your chances with the machine.

Canada is a very multicultural society, and the vast majority of Canadians are open minded and accepting. Thus, it is unlikely to meet ridicule on the basis of race, gender, religion or sexual orientation — while this does happen on occasion, it's rare enough that such ridicule is aired as a local news story even in the largest cities.

Hate speech — defined as communication that may incite violence toward an identifiable group — is illegal in Canada and can lead to prosecution, jail time, and deportation. Similarly, Canadian law also prohibits any form of discrimination in education and employment.

You are unlikely to face health problems here that you wouldn't face in any other Western industrialized country (despite claims of inferior care, which often varies by hospital and is usually exaggerated). The health care system tends to be very effective and widely accessible. However, wait times for non-critical illnesses or injuries can take up to several hours in major cities like Toronto.

In the summers of the late 2000s and early 2010s, Canadians in some provinces (Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) have faced a few cases of West Nile virus, an occasionally fatal infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Some diseases like pneumonia, the flu/cold or whooping cough do occur in both rural and urban Canada. While Canada has universal health care for residents, health care is not free for visitors; therefore it is important to make sure you are covered by your insurance when travelling to Canada.

Most Canadian provinces have banned all indoor smoking in public places such as hospitals and schools and near entrances. Some bans include areas such as bus shelters and outdoor patios. See Smoking.

Canada has quite high standards for restaurant and grocer cleanliness. If there is a problem with the food you have bought, speak to the manager to report it. Getting sick from contaminated food is unlikely, but food poisoning in rural areas is not unheard of.

Health care in Canada is generally of a standard comparable to other Western nations. Almost all Canadian citizens and permanent residents receive health coverage from their provincial government, with reciprocal agreements between provinces providing Canada-wide coverage. Eligibility for health coverage for those on student or work visas varies by province, but no province offers coverage for short-term visitors. Hospitals are generally owned by government agencies or non-profits, while doctors offices and smaller clinics are for-profit operations that directly bill the provincial health system.

Compared to the United States, medical care in Canada is about 30-60% less expensive. Medical tourism firms help visitors to obtain medical care such as cosmetic surgery and joint replacement in major cities including Vancouver and Montreal. After their treatments, patients can enjoy a vacation and relax in a cabin in the Canadian Rockies, explore colourful Montreal, or other activities.

While cheaper than the sticker price in the United States, health care in Canada can be very expensive for visitors. A minor trip to the emergency room can easily cost $1000, especially if an ambulance is involved. Visitors to Canada should carry international health insurance valid for the duration of their stay.

In remote areas, particularly communities without road access such as Churchill, serious medical and trauma patients may be evacuated to a major centre by air ambulance. The cost for the air ambulance alone can reach $10,000, and even those on provincial health plans may not be covered if out of their home province. Everyone, even Canadian residents going to remote or rural areas should ensure that they have sufficient insurance coverage for such an incident.

Clean, safe drinking water is available from the tap in all cities and towns across Canada. Bottled water is widely sold, but it is no better in quality than tap water.

For travel in the backcountry it is advisable to bring a water purification system, as there can be Giardia in open water sources such as lakes or rivers; this can cause gastrointestinal illness like diarrhea or vomiting. It can be avoided by either boiling your drinking water or using filter systems or tablets to disinfect the water before drinking.

Canada is very much a multicultural country, especially in the main cities. As of the 2021 census, 23% of Canadian residents were immigrants; 51% of the population of Toronto (the largest city) and 42% of the population of Vancouver (the third largest city), were born outside Canada, and another 20% or so had at least one parent born outside the country.

Immigrants have come from all over the world, and many cities have whole districts dominated by specific immigrant groups, such as Chinatown, Little Italy and so on. Various writers have claimed that, in contrast to the American "melting pot", Canada aims at a "cultural mosaic", although some have also claimed that the differences are exaggerated.

It is also, in general, a tolerant society. There are laws against various sorts of discrimination and hate crimes, same-sex marriage is legal, and half the cabinet is female. Most Canadians will treat open displays of racism, sexism, or homophobia with rather pointed scorn.

Not all Canadians are tolerant, however. There is a long history of racism, especially against Indigenous peoples and various immigrant groups (Chinese and Irish in the 19th century, later mainly blacks and South Asians, today mainly Muslims).

There is a large degree of regionalism in Canada. In particular, Quebec's somewhat strained relationship with the rest of Canada — the result of a still-somewhat active secession movement — may be a sensitive topic. Some Quebecers favour independence from Canada, while most Francophone communities outside Quebec, such as the Acadians in New Brunswick, are proud to be both Francophone and Canadian.

When entering a private home in Canada it is usually expected that you take off your shoes unless the host specifically tells you not to.

Canada is widely regarded as a very polite society, where apologizing, excusing and thanking is very common, even in large urban areas. Canadians follow a relatively standard "Western" system of niceties and manners, closely akin to those of the United States.

Canada is very open to all forms of LGBT travellers. Same-sex marriage is recognized nationwide. Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal are all famed for their LGBT communities. Outside these metropolitan areas, open displays of affection shouldn't generally present a problem despite a more conservative outlook, although certain rural areas may be more problematic. Native-born Canadians are often more tolerant than immigrant Canadians, as LGBT people are not always accepted in the countries they came from. As always, use your discretion.

Human Rights Codes protect against discrimination in all areas, including accommodation, access to health care and employment. Should you encounter any negative responses, especially violent or threatening episodes, the police will be glad to help you.

There are approximately 1.4 million indigenous people in Canada belonging to numerous distinct nations, cultures and traditions and language groups. They are generally divided into three legally distinct groups:

The First Nations people are those who were historically referred to as "Indians," a term which, although still used in the legal system, is now considered offensive. Their traditions, languages, history, and way of life vary based on background and location; there are over 600 federally recognized First Nations in Canada.

The Métis (pronounced MAY-tee) are descendants of European (mostly French) fur traders and Indigenous women. Found mostly in the Prairies and especially Manitoba, they have their own distinct culture and history. In the late 19th century, they rose in two rebellions led by Louis Riel (the closest thing to a civil war Canada has experienced) but they were defeated and Riel hanged, an event which sparked tensions between French- and English-speaking Canadians, as the former tended to be at least somewhat sympathetic to the Métis cause.

The Inuit (singular: Inuk) are the smallest group, found mostly in Nunavut, with smaller populations in Quebec, Labrador and the Northwest Territories. Historically they were known as "Eskimos", but this term is today considered to be racist slur in Canada and should never be used. While the term "Inuit" legally refers to all of these people, the Inuvialuit of the Northwest Territories consider themselves a distinct people. The Inuit should not be confused with their relatively southern neighbours in Quebec and Labrador, the Innu, who are First Nations.

The term "Indigenous" ("Autochtones" in French) is used as catch-all terms for all the groups mentioned above, though many Indigenous people would prefer to be referred to by their specific ethnicity (for example "Cree," "Métis," or "Inuvialuit"). "Aboriginal" and "Native" are also used, but are not the preferred terms.

While a growing number of Indigenous people live in major cities, there are many rural communities scattered throughout Canada that are majority Indigenous, most obviously First Nations reserves, which is an area legally set aside for members of that particular band or nation. Facilities for visitors in these communities vary widely, and as with visiting any community, knowing what is offered to visitors before you go, and respecting those who live there is important. There are also an increasing number of reserves in urban areas, though they are typically indistinguishable from the city around them to the casual observer.

All of the Indigenous groups (First Nations, Métis, Inuit) suffered widespread discrimination and forced assimilation in the past, often sanctioned by the government and administered by Christian churches and government agents. There remains a lot of mistrust between many Indigenous groups and the government on environmental policies, resource management and treaties that were established more than 100 years ago with vague wordings that are left open to interpretation, which lead to drawn-out court challenges, and on education because of the residential school system, which some have characterized as cultural genocide. Indigenous Canadians remain economically disadvantaged, and are often subject to negative stereotyping by non-Indigenous Canadians. Be mindful that they grew up in an education system full of systemic bias that does not provide adequate funding or support for success in the community due to inter-generational trauma. Don't forget that they are the descendants of the very first groups that settled in North America. They often have time-tested traditional knowledge that is passed down through generations and offer insights that non-Indigenous people may not be aware of.

There has been significant growth in Indigenous ecotourism and cultural tourism.

See also: Indigenous cultures of North America

Modern Canada is largely a secular society, and people who go to church regularly are in the minority. Most Canadians are tolerant towards people of all faiths, and wearing religious clothing in public rarely poses a problem. Nevertheless, attempting to proselytise would generally be regarded as rude. Things are, however, considerably stricter in Quebec, where people are fiercely protective of the French model of laïcité; you will be expected to confine your religion to your private life, and avoid displaying any overt indications of religiosity in public (such as wearing religious clothing) unless you are at your place of worship.

Despite sharing close cultural, economic and political ties, Canadians are not Americans, and implying that Canada is part of the United States, even jokingly, will not earn you any Canadian friends. Canadians are often keen to emphasize the unique aspects of their country that distinguish them from the United States, and appreciate it when visitors do likewise. The relationship between the two countries is often described as sibling-like, with the sibling rivalry to boot. While sporting rivalries, especially in ice hockey, can be intense, Americans and Canadians have genuine affection for each other, and are often eager to come to each other's aid whenever disaster strikes.

In the often-restive province of Quebec, many locals identify solely as "Québécois" and not "Canadian", and often view Quebec as a separate nation even if they may not be advocating for independence from Canada. This is, however, not universal; most of the Anglophone minority, as well as a good number of Francophones in bilingual Montreal, identify as both Québécois and Canadian.

The communication infrastructure of Canada is typical of any first-world, developed, industrialized country.

Canada is part of the North American Numbering Plan (along with the US and most of the Caribbean) and uses the country code +1. Area codes and local phone numbers follow the same format as the United States: 1 — three digit area code — seven-digit local phone number. The leading '1' is omitted when making local landline calls and optional on local mobile calls. For long-distance calls, dial the entire number including the '1'.

Thanks to the implementation of a national mental health hotline at the short code 988, all parts of Canada except the Arctic territories were required to implement ten-digit dialing.

Canada draws its toll-free numbers from a shared pool based in the US. These are dialled using the full eleven-digit international format: +1-800-234-5678. Mobile numbers are normally allocated from the same local area codes as landlines; the recipient of the call pays airtime.

The prefix to make an outbound international call from North America is 011-. This prefix does not apply to countries which share the Canadian +1 prefix, such as the US.

A few payphones exist in high-traffic locations such as shopping malls, supermarkets and local or intercity transport stations; these can call toll-free numbers (+1-800 and its overlays) for free and make fifty-cent local calls, but coin-paid long distance from incumbent carriers is prohibitively expensive at nearly $5 for the first minutes for the most trivial of trunk calls. A few telephone booths are operated by obscure competing firms, where the local price is the same but long distance is typically a slightly less painful $1 per three-minute interval. Most coin phones block incoming calls. Typically, Canadians avoid coin-paid trunk calls by using prepaid cards or have stopped using telephone booths in favour of mobile telephones or (where wi-fi is available) voice over IP.

Unbundled Internet telephony typically costs one or two cents a minute, although some carriers may sell for less.

If you need to call with a Canadian phone number or call a phone number in Canada without paying any fees, several free smartphone apps are available in Canada on iOS and Android, which provide a free phone number with free calling or free texting over wi-fi. These apps tend to be supported by in app advertising.

Canada is one of the few countries (along with China, Hong Kong and the USA) where mobile users must pay to receive calls. Cellular telephones occupy the same local geographic area codes as landlines; all numbers are portable.

Three carriers (Bell, Telus and Rogers) control the majority of the wireless market, using multiple brands (Fido and Chatr are owned by Rogers, Koodo and Public Mobile are owned by Telus, Virgin Plus and Lucky Mobile are owned by Bell) to give an illusion of competition, although recently, "real" competition coming from Vidéotron in Quebec (including Ottawa-Hull) since purchasing Freedom Mobile (covers urban areas in British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario) has finally resulted in lower prices across the board.

Coverage is good in cities and on busy transportation corridors, but non-existent in many remote areas. Some points on the Trans-Canada Highway have no signal at all. It is impossible to travel between Canada's Pacific and Atlantic coasts without losing wireless coverage in gaps in rural areas of British Columbia and Ontario. In the north, mobile phones generally only work in small areas around major settlements such as territorial capitals.

There are a few regional carriers, like SaskTel in Saskatchewan and TBayTel in Thunder Bay, Ontario. In addition, the northern territories have their own carrier, Ice Wireless. While Bell and Telus have their own networks up north, Rogers relies on "extended coverage" provided by Ice Wireless that is unavailable to prepaid users on any of its brands. If you are planning a trip that includes northern Canada, avoid getting a SIM from Rogers, Fido, or Chatr, otherwise you will have to purchase a separate Ice Wireless SIM for that portion of your travels (a prepaid SIM with talk, text, and 1 GB of data will cost you $25).

The three major carriers operate 4G LTE and 3G UMTS (WCDMA/HSPA), and have began rolling out 5G. 3G operates on the North American 850 MHz/1900 MHz frequency bands (which do not match standard frequencies in Europe). Freedom Mobile operates its own network across many urban areas in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec (Band 4 AWS for 3G, Band 7 LTE in city centres, Band 4 and Band 13 LTE in most of its coverage area, and Band 66 LTE for additional capacity across its entire network). On 5G, all the three major operators (Bell, Telus, and Rogers) use band n66 for their 5G networks, while Rogers are also using band n41 and n71 for their 5G networks, and Freedom only uses n71.

Various "virtual mobile" operators buy access to the three majors to resell phones (or SIM cards) under their own brands; Loblaws' "PC Mobile" prepaid uses Bell's network, while ZtarMobile ("7-Eleven", "Quickie" and "Petro-Canada") uses Rogers, and China Telecom's Canadian operation (CTExcel) uses Telus.

Anyone may acquire a Canadian prepaid mobile number; even clearly fictional persons (such as "Pierre Poutine, rue des Séparatistes, Joliette") have been subscribed prepaid, no questions asked. All you need is to provide your name and a physical address in Canada. Which carrier to choose will depend largely on where you plan to go and where you enter the country from. If you will start your trip in a major urban area and don't mind some coverage gaps or somewhat slower data, then Freedom Mobile has the best pricing; their activation fee is $10 for either physical SIM or eSIM and their prepaid plans start from $29 for talk/text/20GB valid both on their own network as well as on the big three and US carriers (in fact, this is the cheapest Canada+US plan available on either side of the border) scaling all the way up to $50 for talk/text/100GB valid across the same footprint. For those traveling over a longer period (>2 months), be aware that Freedom reserves the right to terminate service if more than 25% of usage occurs outside their own network over multiple months. If you need native coverage on one of the big three or will be traveling outside Freedom's native coverage area for more than 2 months, then look to their budget brands first; Public Mobile (Telus) starts at $28 for 4 GB while Chatr Wireless (Rogers) starts from 8 GB for $35 and Lucky Mobile (Bell) offers 28 GB for $40. All carriers charge $10 to activate with physical SIM while Public Mobile and Lucky Mobile offer free activation on eSIM as well.

Some carriers provide postpaid mobiles to non-resident Americans if a Canadian address of some sort is provided and a credit card is pre-authorized for bill payment. This may be useful for repeat visitors or if you want a Rogers plan and will be traveling to the north.

Most mobile telephones in Canada are sold by carriers (or their resellers), though Canadian law now requires them to sell their phones unlocked. In addition, big-box stores like Walmart and Best Buy, as well as office supply chain Staples and smaller electronics stores like Canada Computers, carry fully carrier-neutral devices, sometimes with a mark-up. Carriers are also now required to provide unlock codes for previously locked phones free of charge.

If you plan on continuing to the US later and want one plan that works in both countries, many Freedom Mobile prepaid plans as well as Public Mobile's top-tier $65 for 60GB plan include US roaming. While others do not include US roaming, this does not mean you will receive surprise charges; Rogers and Bell as well as their associated prepaid brands do not allow roaming at all, and Telus only allows US roaming on their sub-brands when an add-on is purchased; if you connect to a US network with Koodo or Public Mobile prepaid you will receive a text asking you to purchase a roaming add-on (and giving you an opportunity to reconnect to the home network if necessary). If you select a Freedom Mobile plan without US roaming, you will need to turn off US roaming in your account settings to avoid accidentally connecting to a US network; while $0.20 per minute, $0.10 per text, and $0.03 per MB of data sound small, they can add up over an extended period.

Although mobile data can be expensive, there are many ways to access the Internet for free. Public computers and Wi-Fi are typically found in public libraries even in the smallest towns. Where a password is required, some libraries provide guest accounts to non-residents. Cities often provide Wi-Fi in other community locations such as town or city halls and community centres. Some cities (for example Halifax, Montreal, Mississauga, and Vancouver) operate extensive free Wi-Fi networks covering busy public areas.

Wi-Fi is also frequently available in public and commercial venues such as cafés, chain restaurants, museums, art galleries, shopping centres and larger retail stores. You may be expected to make a purchase, ask for a password, or provide contact details for marketing purposes, but the Wi-Fi itself is typically free.

Dedicated Internet cafés are now rare, but gaming cafés in larger cities provide high-performance equipment, faster connections, and late-night hours targeting Esports players (they might be an expensive option for just checking e-mail and visiting a few websites). Most business service and print shops (such as Staples or the UPS Store) rent computer stations for a time-based fee.

Hotels usually provide overnight guests with Wi-Fi, but the pricing may depend on your room rate or loyalty status. Large ski resorts such as Whistler and Tremblant provide Wi-Fi that may be enough to replace mobile data for your trip if you stay within the resort area.

Most airports and larger Via Rail Canada stations (mostly in Ontario and Quebec), offer free Wi-Fi in passenger areas. BC Ferries offers free Wi-Fi at most ferry terminals. Ontario offers free Wi-Fi at its ONroute highway 400/401 rest stops, and chain fast food outlets offer the same Wi-Fi access at rest stop or roadside locations as they do within town.

While its delivery times vary depending on shipping option and package/parcel size, Canada Post is very reliable. As of 2021, it costs $1.07 to mail a domestic letter. International parcel postal services can be costly. Postal offices are usually marked by the red and white Canada Post markings. Some drug stores, including many in the Shoppers Drug Mart, IDA, Pharmaplus, Jean Coutu and Uniprix chains, feature smaller outlets with full service. Such outlets are often open later and on weekends, as opposed to the standard M-F 9AM-5PM hours of the post offices.

For inbound mail, "general delivery" (in French and in English outside of North America, "poste restante") is available at main post offices, but not in retail postal outlets such as pharmacies. Travellers can use the service for up to four months for free by registering in person at each post office where they need to receive mail.

There are also courier services across the country, such as Purolator. The US-based UPS and FedEx also serve Canada. Some (but certainly not all) intercity bus companies will accept domestic parcels for delivery to other cities on the same bus line. Courier packages may not be sent to PO boxes or held as poste restante, but can be held by some commercial mail receiving agents for pickup.

Some postal outlets and commercial mail receiving agents offer fax transmission services, but availability may vary by location.

Canadian addresses generally follow the following format, which is very similar to the format used in the United States and Australia.

Name of recipient
House number and street name
(If needed) Suite or apartment or building number
City or town, two letter provincial abbreviation, postal code

In Canada, postal codes are alpha-numeric in this format: K1A 1A1.

• Canada's southern and northwestern neighbour, the United States of America, can become a side trip from Canada or even a major part of your vacation. In some places major Canadian and US cities are quite close and well connected by public transportation, for example Vancouver and Seattle, or Toronto and Buffalo. There are also dozens of places all along the border with a fair-sized town on either side. See the main article on the US for entry requirements – if you need a visa be sure to apply well in advance.
• Saint-Pierre and Miquelon are two relatively small islands off the coast of Newfoundland. Despite their small size and relative proximity to the Canadian coastline, they constitute an overseas department of France and a vestige of former extensive French colonies in North America. To step into this charming French seaside community, take the passenger ferry from Fortune, Newfoundland during the summer, or scheduled flights from Montreal, Halifax, and St. John's year round.
• Greenland, Canada's major eastern island neighbour, despite being separated by less than 50 km of water in some locations is not easily accessible from North America. Seasonal flights are available from Keflavík International Airport, Iceland (KEF ^IATA) and year-round via Copenhagen Airport (CPH ^IATA). Another, albeit more expensive, option is the summer cruise ships originating in both the US and Canada. Despite the relative difficulty of reaching Greenland, the untouched natural Arctic beauty of one of the most remote places on earth makes it well worth the effort.