Canada - Government
Based on the etymolgy of Canada, it was the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement. The Government system in this country is the federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution type and the different Administrative divisions includes: 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*
National symbols
Maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white.
The flag
The National flag of Canada has two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol.
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The National Anthem
| Title | "O Canada" |
|---|---|
| Lyric/music | Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE |
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note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the King" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)
More about the government of Canada
| Date of Independence | 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster) |
|---|---|
| National holiday | Canada Day, 1 July (1867) |
| Legal system | common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails |
| International law organization participation | accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
| Constitution | |
| History | Consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982 |
| Amendments | Proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011) |
| Citizenship | |
| Citizenship by birth | yes |
| Citizenship by descent only | yes |
| Dual citizenship recognized | yes |
| Residency requirement for naturalization | minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada |
| Executive Branch | |
| Chief of state | King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021) |
| Head of government | Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (since 4 November 2015) |
| Cabinet | Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament |
| Elections/appointments | the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general |
| Legislative branch | |
| Description | Bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of: Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years) |
| Elections | Senate - last appointed in July 2021 House of Commons - last held on 20 September 2021 (next to be held on or before 20 October 2025) |
| Election results | Senate - composition - men 43, women 54, percentage women 55.7% (8 seats are vacant) House of Commons - percent of vote by party - CPC 33.7%, Liberal Party 32.6%, NDP 17.8%, Bloc Quebecois 7.7%, Greens 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 159, CPC 119, NDP 25, Bloc Quebecois 32, Greens 2, independent 1; composition - men 234, women 102; percentage women 30.4%; total Parliament percentage women 35.2% |
| Judicial branch | |
| Highest court(s) | Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) |
| Judge selection and term of office | Chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75 |
| Subordinate courts | Federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; note - in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | |
| Chief of mission | Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020) |
| Chancery | 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 |
| Telephone | [1] (844) 880-6519 |
| FAX | [1] (202) 682-7738 |
| Email address and website | [email protected] https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng |
| Consulate(s) general | Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle |
| Trade office(s) | Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | |
| Chief of mission | Ambassador David L. COHEN (since December 2021) |
| Embassy | 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 |
| Mailing address | 5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480 |
| Telephone | [1] (613) 688-5335 |
| FAX | [1] (613) 241-7845 |
| Email address and website | [email protected] https://ca.usembassy.gov/ |
| Consulate(s) general | Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver |
| Consulate(s) | Winnipeg |
| National heritage | |
| Total World Heritage Sites | 22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021) |
| Selected World Heritage Site locales | L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m) |
Key Political parties and their leaders in Canada
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International organization participation
All Important Facts about Canada
Want to know more about Canada? Check all different factbooks for Canada below.
