Vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star; national colors: red, white.
Title | "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March) |
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Lyric/music | Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR |
Date of Independence | 29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire) |
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National holiday | Republic Day, 29 October (1923) |
Legal system | civil law system based on various European legal systems, notably the Swiss civil code |
International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt |
Constitution | |
History | Several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982 |
Amendments | Proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended several times, last in 2017 |
Citizenship | |
Citizenship by birth | no |
Citizenship by descent only | at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey |
Dual citizenship recognized | yes, but requires prior permission from the government |
Residency requirement for naturalization | 5 years |
Executive Branch | |
Chief of state | President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2018) |
Head of government | President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2018; chief of state since 28 August 2014) |
Cabinet | Council of Ministers appointed by the president |
Elections/appointments | president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 May 2023 with a runoff on 28 May 2023 (next to be held in 2028) |
Election results | 2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8% 2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1% |
Legislative branch | |
Description | Unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkey Buyuk Millet Meclisi (600 seats); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote, with a 7% threshold required to win a seat; members serve 5-year terms) |
Elections | Last held on 14 May 2023 (next to be held in 2028) |
Election results | Percent of vote by party/coalition - People's Alliance 49.9% (AKP 35.6%, MHP 10.1%, YRP 2.8%, BBP 1%), Nation Alliance 35.4% (CHP 25.3%, IYI 9.7%), Labor and Freedom Alliance 10.7% (YSGP 8.9%, TIP 1.8%); seats by party/coalition - People's Alliance 323 (AKP 268, MHP 50, YRP 5), Nation Alliance 212 (CHP 169, IYI 43), Labor and Freedom Alliance 65 (YSGP 61, TIP 4); composition - men 480, women 119, percentage women 19.9% |
Judicial branch | |
Highest court(s) | Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative - each with a division head and at least 5 members) |
Judge selection and term of office | Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms |
Subordinate courts | Regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit; note - a constitutional amendment in 2017 abolished military courts unless established to investigate military personnel actions during war conditions |
Diplomatic representation in the US | |
Chief of mission | Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024) |
Chancery | 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 |
Telephone | [1] (202) 612-6700 |
FAX | [1] (202) 612-6744 |
Email address and website | [email protected] T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr) |
Consulate(s) general | Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco |
Diplomatic representation from the US | |
Chief of mission | Ambassador Jeffry Lane FLAKE (since 26 January 2022) |
Embassy | 1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara |
Mailing address | 7000 Ankara Place, Washington DC 20512-7000 |
Telephone | [90] (312) 294-0000 |
FAX | [90] (312) 467-0019 |
Email address and website | [email protected] https://tr.usembassy.gov/ |
Consulate(s) general | Istanbul |
Consulate(s) | Adana |
National heritage | |
Total World Heritage Sites | 19 (17 cultural, 2 mixed) |
Selected World Heritage Site locales | Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c) |
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